A tarihin Rostov yankin daga zamanin d ƙauyuka da mu sau. Tarihi na Don Cossacks

A ƙasa inda a yau da garuruwa da kauyuka na Rostov yankin a zamanin da ta haifa sunaye daban-daban. Helenawa kira shi da Scythians, Romawa Stsitiey da Dnipro Rus - da Khazars. A tarihin kwanan rana XIV-XV karni, shi ne kira a matsayin Wild Field. Shi ne kawai a lokacin da Ivana Groznogo a yi amfani da bayyana suke dashi tarihi sunan denoting ikon mallakar Don Cossacks ─.

Farkon mazaunan gaba da Don

Magana game da irin wannan sararin matsalar, kamar yadda tarihi na Rostov yankin, wajibi ne a fara daga Stone Age ƙauyuka, burbushi na wanda aka samu a cikin wani iri-iri duk tare da Don. A shekaru na baya binciken, masana kimiyya lissafi miliyan 2 years. A lokacin da wannan lokaci, bisa ga su, na farko tsoho mutane a kan bankunan na kogin.

Found kayayyakin gargajiya na zuwa daga baya lokaci ─ ake kira Acheulian al'adu ya sami yarda a kusa da 100-150 dubu. Shekaru da suka wuce, ya nuna cewa mazaunan wannan yanki na tsirfa su rai kawai ta farauta, kama kifi da kuma taro.

Paleolithic sau dayansu

A tarihin Rostov yankin a lokacin ta tsakiya Paleolithic (40-50 dubu. BC. E.), ko da yake halin da gagarumin ci gaba da kayayyakin aiki, duk da haka shi ma ya nuna cewa, babban tushen rayuwar mazauna cewa zamanin zauna farauta. Tono nuna cewa hakar daga cikin m mutanen da suka zama bison, giant barewa, da dawakai, bears kuma ko da na zakoki, vodivshiesya sa'an nan a kan bankunan na Don.

A waɗannan zamanin da, mazaunan Don yankin sun zama a gida da kuma zaunar da tribal kungiyoyin, wanda ƙwarai simplifies kan aiwatar da farauta. Makiyaya, sai suka zama yawa daga baya, kawai 16-18 dubu. Shekaru da suka wuce, saboda canje-canje a yanayin damina da ya kai ga janyewar mafi manyan dabbobi zuwa arewa. A wannan lokaci, da farko na sihiri samu figurines na dabbobi da mutane, ya nuna asalin farko siffofin m addini.

A sabon zamanin fara

Yana da muhimmanci a lura da cewa a cikin farkon karni AD cikin abin da yake a yanzu da Rostov yankin birane biyu ─ Tanais da silicon, ne Girkanci mazauna aka gina. Bugu da kari, a daidai wannan lokacin na babba ƙasar tare da bankunan na Don mallakar tsoho Mulkin Bosporus, mazaunan wanda mafi a cikin na karni AD, da wani ra'ayin Kiristanci da ƙungiya mayar da shi zuwa gefuna da Roman mabiya da Bishara koyarwa. Sun zo a matsayin jiha laifi, amma wannan bai hana su, su ka fitar da wa'azi da kuma aikin mishan cikin gida yawan.

A baya lokaci na ƙasa m zuwa Don, sanaki da Scythians, Cimmerians, Alans, Sauromats da kuma da dama sauran al'ummai. Su duk bar burbushi na kasancewarsu, wani lokacin nuna wani sosai fiye da mataki na al'ada da kuma sana'o'i. Duk da haka, a karkashin matsin da yawa nomadic jama'a, da don matsawa a farkon mu zamanin, daga gabas zuwa yamma, da tsohon birnin fadi, da kuma sau daya yawan baki ga dama ƙarni juya a cikin wani hamada.

Daga zuwa na Avar kabilan kafin Turkish mamayewa

A tarihin Rostov yankin na Middle Ages lokacin fara a cikin IV karni, bayan da dama ƙarni na unoccupied ƙasar da aka zaune farko da Avars, kuma daga baya da Khazars, da kuma kore su zuwa gina wani sansanin soja Sarkel. Kuma a sa'an nan, a ko'ina cikin tsakiyar zamanai banki na Don zama scene na m fadace-fadace tsakanin nomadic kabilu, da ya} alubalanci juna wannan albarka ƙasar. A Khazars aka fitar da sojojin Rasha, da kuma wanda ya kasa ci gaba da ci da yaki yankuna, da kuma hakura da wani da su zuwa ga Pechenegs, da waɗanda, bi da bi, koro da Cumans.

Ba sai da XIII karni, har ƙasar ba Don tana karkashin mulkin na Golden taro, wanda, bi da bi, bai iya tsayayya da wani karfi da kuma tausayi mai mamaye Tamerlane, fatattakar ta kudu maso yammacin ɓangare. More karni a sakamakon matsananci weakening na Golden taro, wani gagarumin ɓangare na Azov Sea Coast, da Rostov yankin da kuma arewacin Black Sea kama Ottoman Empire. Gina Tatars gari Azak suka sake masa suna cikin Azov kuma ya juya a cikin wani impregnable sansanin soja, da yaki ga wanda dade ga dama ƙarni.

A samuwar Don Cossacks

A cikin XV karni su hana kara ci gaba da Turks zurfi a cikin Rasha jihar, a kan wani daji farar wutã ne, gina wani sansanin soja da kuma iyakar Zaseki. Sa'an nan ya bayyana farko ƙauyuka na free mutane suka gudu daga zaluncin da hukumomi. Yana da da su fara da labarin da Don Cossacks. A babban rawa a shi taka leda da Orthodox Yaren mutanen Poland-haife tycoon Dmitry Ivanovich Vishnevitsky, wanda ya gina saboda kudi mai yawan birãnensu, daya daga wanda ─ Cherkassk - ya zama babban birnin kasar na Don Cossacks.

A karni daga baya, a kan Don, akwai uku kananan garuruwa gina ta Cossacks kuma samu matsayi na administrative cibiyoyin ─ Manych, Mityakina da kuma sabani. Tun da waɗannan ƙasashe hukumomi na Moscow sarakuna bai mika, daga disparate Cossack kungiyoyin wakiltar a farko spontaneously taso freemen, nan da nan kafa a siyasa-soja kungiyar, da ake kira Don Cossacks.

Yana da aka gina a kan ka'idodin demokra] iyya da kuma tsananin horo. All matsayi aka zabe su, kuma da oda Ataman ya zama doka ga duk. A m iko ne a da'irar ─ Hada makamai majalisa gana a kai a kai a cikin Cherkassk ─ babban birnin na Cossack jihar.

Cossacks rikice-rikice da gwamnatin Rasha

Za a karkashin sandan na Moscow tsars Cossacks, da nuna rufaffiyar soja sabis aji, dadin yawa mafi girma da 'yanci fiye da sauran Russia. Sun kasance kebe daga biyan haraji, free daga dukan wajibai da kuma ya saba wa dokokin Bitrus I, samu da hakkin ya sa tsohon style.

Da zarar a cikin XVII-XVIII karni, da zarar free ƙasar fara rasa su cin gashin kuma zama wani ɓangare na Rasha daular, da Don Cossack sojojin ya rasa mafi yawan gata, kuma sau da yawa a cikin rikici da gwamnati. A mafi daukan hankali aukuwa wannan gwagwarmaya ta cikin Cossacks da hannu a wani yawan baƙauye yunkuri da kuma yaƙe-yaƙe da keta fita karkashin jagorancin Stepana Razina, Emelyan Pugachev da Kondrat Bulavin.

A bayyanar biyu main cibiyoyin da Don Cossacks

Duk yadda suka nuna adawa ga Cossacks, amma a kan lokaci da suka kasance kafa a cikin dakarun na Rasha Empire a kan hakkin sababbu sojoji da kuma dauki bangare a duk m yaƙe-yaƙe. A 1749 umurnin Empress Catherine II a dama banki na Don, kusa da mahaɗar tsakãninsu da kõguna da shi Temernik, kwastan outpost aka gina, da kuma daga baya - a sansanin soja, suna a cikin girmamawa na St. Dimitriya Rostovskogo. Ta haifi gari, kafa daga kewaye wuraren kiwo nata, da samun da sunan Rostov-on-Don.

A farkon gaba karni, babban birnin kasar na Don Cossack Army koma cikin wani sabon, kafa a kan shirin na Ataman Matvei Platov birni ─ Novocherkassk. Very bayyananniyar statistics daga waɗanda shekara, ya nuna wani unusually m karuwa a yawan baki. A cewar rahotanni, a nuna na XVIII da XIX karni Cossacks bai wuce 225 dubu. Mutane, yayin da rabin karni da shi ya karu da fiye da duffai uku da kuma kai 775 dubu.

A rayuwa na Don yankin a cikin XIX karni

A cikin XIX karni, da babban soja da kuma Gudanarwa cibiyar na Don Cossacks Novocherkassk zama, yayin da na biyu mafi girma a birnin na Rostov-on-Don ya samu cikin siffofin da manyan kasuwanci da masana'antu cibiyar. By Nicholas I na 1835, da dukan ƙasar da yankin da aka raba 7 gundumomi: 1st Don, Don 2 nd, Cherkasy, Miusskaya, Donetsk, Hoporsky da Ust-Medvedetsky. A Janairu 1870 aka sanya jama'a da umarni daga Gwamnatin majalisar dattijai, a kan tushen da wanda, ya zo a cikin yin amfani da sabon sunan ─ gefen Don watsa shiri, kiyaye har 1918.

Daga tsakiyar karni XIX a sakamakon kaifi karuwa na yawan jama'ar, wanda aka rubuta a sama, ya fara bayyana wani sabon shiri irin ─ gona, kunsha na daya, a kalla 'yan yadudduka daga ware gona. By karshen karni adadin su ya kai 1820 raka'a. Babban amfanin gona girma kauyen da kuma mazauna kauyuka Cossack ─ shiri, wanda hada da wani gagarumin yawan gidaje - alkama da aka kawota cikin gida da kuma kasashen waje kasuwa.

A yakin basasa da kuma wadannan shekaru

Tarihi na Don Cossacks a XX karni ne cike da gaske ban mamaki abubuwan. Jim kadan bayan da Oktoba juyin juya halin a kan bankunan na Don hukuma kãma Bolsheviks da kuma sanar da kafa Don Soviet jamhuriyar. Duk da haka, shi dade kasa da shekara guda bayan ta fall a watan Satumba na shekarar 1918 ya hanyar zuwa wani sabon zaman kanta a jihar ─ da Great Don Army, kafa a kan tushen da shawarar da Army daga cikin da'irar.

Yakin basasa a kan Don yana da wani musamman nauyi da kuma na jini hali, kamar yadda wannan yankin ya zama daya daga cikin cibiyoyin da White motsi, da kuma shi ne a nan, a mutunta mutane da yawa, rabo daga Rasha ta nan gaba. Bayan da shan kashi na fata, da kuma kafa na Soviet da iko, da girma, Don Army daina wanzuwa, da kuma gefen aka sake masa suna cikin Don yankin, da cibiyar da abin da yake a cikin birnin Rostov-on-Don.

A wannan lokacin, da Cossacks buga mai yawa cũta. Mafi yawansu ba su zama wadanda ke fama da danniya da za'ayi da hukumomi na sabuwar gwamnatin. Wadanda daga gare su wanda yake da damar tsira a kan kore da kuma Decossackization yakin duk aka ƙwace daga su sabõda hanyar rayuwa, da kuma tababbe zuwa bakin cikin kasancewar.

Yaƙi domin da "Caucasus Gate"

Mutane da yawa ban sha'awa facts ƙunshi tarihin Rostov yankin na Great Patriotic War. An sani cewa, yin ya m shirin "Barbarossa", Hitler biya musamman da hankali ga ayyukan soji a cikin kudancin yankunan da Tarayyar Soviet.

A muhimmiyar rawa aka ba shi da kama da Rostov-on-Don, tun da shi ne wani nau'i ne na ƙofa zuwa Caucasus. The shugaban Uku Reich ya haka m, a cikin nasarar da shirin kaiwa aiki, da cewa tun kafin barkewar tashin umurni da Mint samu lambar tagulla "Gama Kama daga Rostov." Yana da aka jefa 13 rarrabu, cikinsu da wani Italian expeditionary karfi su yi da Fuhrer ta umarni.

A lokacin daga Oktoba 1941 zuwa Agusta 1943 Rostov-on-Don kuma dukan kewaye yankin zama scene gwabza kazamin fada. Domin ƙarfin hali da kuma selflessness nuna a lokacin ayyukan soji a cikin wadanda shekaru, 11 Soviet soja raka'a kuma ya karbi sunan "Don". Waɗannan sun haɗa da dakaru, manyan bindigogi, makamai da kuma iska raka'a.

A yunkurin Tarurrukan na Cossacks

A cikin shekaru wadannan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet, shi aka kaddamarda aiwatar da Tarurrukan na Don Cossacks, sabili da haka ya bayyana a yawan jama'a da kungiyoyi ayyana manufar ta aiki warware wannan matsala. Duk da haka, babu shakka a gare cewa wasu daga cikinsu sun yi amfani da Cossack alamu cikin kadaici daga real maye, da Sanadin wanda har yanzu dole ne mu gane da masana tarihi.

A halin yanzu tsarin da Rostov yankin da kuma shugabanninta

A halin yanzu, bisa ga doka a kan administrative-yankin rabo daga cikin Rostov yankin, shi kunshi 12 birane gundumomi da kuma 43 gundumar municipalities. Bugu da kari, a kan karkararta akwai 18 birane ƙauyuka da 380 a yankunan karkara. Kansa birnin Rostov-on-Don hada 8 yankunan: Soviet, Pervomaisky, Lenin, Train, Proletarian, Oktoba, Voroshilov da Kirov.

Da zarar a shekarar 1991 a Rasha Federation da aka gabatar da gwamnan mulkin, da farko gwamnan Rostov yankin ya zama wani shahararren dan siyasa na Soviet da kuma post-Soviet lokaci Chub Vladimir Fedorovich. A cikin post ya kasance har sai Yuni 2010. Bayan kammala na wa'adinsa ofishin wannan post dauki Golubev Vasiliy Yurevich, wanda shi ne gwamna na Rostov yankin zuwa ranar.