Hadishi kuma marubuci Dokinz Richard: biography da ayyukansu

A cibiyar sadarwa sararin amfani meme "British masana kimiyya". A madadin su, aka buga statistics a kan yawan kasar Sin wanda ya san yadda za a samu to da harshen da hanci, ko da sakamakon nazarin da Saturn ta tasiri a kan na gani acuity na Australian cockatoo. sunan marubucin da kalmar "meme" - Dawkins. Richard - mashawarta Birtaniya juyin halitta, Falsafa, marubuci, sanannen popularizer na kimiyya da kuma addini. A nasa ne a irin wannan nau'in na ilimi al'umma da gaskiya tambayar su.

Shimfiɗar jariri, da kuma samartaka

Ya aka haife Maris 26, 1941 a Nairobi, Kenya, da kuma girma a Nyasaland - Burtaniya dũkiyarku a Afirka ta Kudu. Ya tuna da cewa na farko da ilmin dabbobi da kuma o, yana sha'awar kome fiye da sauran kimiyyar. Amateur halitta ya mahaifinsa - mai mulkin mallaka na aikin Klinton Dzhon Dawkins. Richard da ƙaramin 'yar'uwa ya fi sha'awar ilmin taurari da kuma janar adam yanayi na'urar. Na bincike yaro buga da wuya daga cikin sararin samaniya, da kuma ga haka dogon bayani ya gaban mahalicci zane dace da shi, saboda Dawkins iyali shi ne hali na Ingila.

Ilimi Dawkins ya samu zuwa Ingila, inda suka koma a 1949. A cikin shawarwarin da mahaifinsa, sai ya shiga nazarin halittu aji na yan makaranta, da kuma manufar da aka Oxford. Wannan shi ne inda shi gaske ya zama sha'awar da kimiyya na halitta. Malaminsa ya mashawarta halitta da kuma Nobel Prize lashe Nikolaas Tinbergen (1907-1988). A karkashin ya jagoranci, mai digiri na biyu dalibi Richard Dawkins suka tsunduma a cikin kimiyya na dabba hali - ethology, wanda ya samu gagarumar nasara. A musamman ya kasance daya daga cikin na farko don amfani da kwamfuta, ko ƙware da wannan shirye-shirye da basira.

addini rata

A cikakken gabatarwar da ka'idar juyin halitta ya zama wani muhimmin milestone a cikin rayuwar wani masanin kimiyya. A da shi ya sami amsar wannan tambaya game da Sanadin kewaye yanayi bambancin, asalin duniya na dabbobi da mutane, kuma ya kusa connection. Kamar yadda ya rubuta daga baya Richard Dokinz, Darwin ta littafi mai girma ya buge shi kamar yadda muhimmanci domin cikawa da kuma daidaito, fiye da wadanda na miƙa ta da magoya bayan ikon Allahntaka.

Har yanzu, ya yi imanin da mafi girma darajar ya mallakar farko edition na "The Origin of Species, ta hanyar Natural Selection" Charles Darwin da marubucin inscriptions. The mai girma kawo canji a cikin kimiyyar yanayin halitta, ya gan daya daga rayuwarsa da kuma kimiyya heroes da kuma yaƙi da abokan adawar na da ka'idar juyin halitta ya sanya mafi muhimmanci burin na su ilimi. Richard Dawkins, wanda littafin tsokani wani tashin hankali dauki daga creationists, tun yana saurayi ya zama gamsu zindikanci da campaigner da camfi a zamani al'umma.

m farkon

A farko littafin, wanda nan da nan ya kawo koyarwar da aka sani tsakanin kwararru da kuma jama'a da aka buga a 1976, "The m Gene". Richard Dawkins ya yi kira a cikin wannan binciken viability na Darwin ta ideas juyin halitta. Yana complements kuma tasowa nasarorin da suka samu daga cikin mafi m yankunan na nazarin halittun - halittar jini da kuma ethology. Sunan, wanda yake shi ne bit m, marubucin ciki har da jaddada rawar da gene ne a matsayin babban abu na ci gaba, ba mutane ko duka alƙarya. Halin da sabon wahayi shi ne cewa kwayoyin ne kawai a abin hawa ga genes neman a kula da kansu a cikin sabon ƙarni.

Ya daukan ka'idar juyin halitta kara, bayan halittar jini. Ga ra'ayi na wani hali gene kwatankwacin ce meme. A littafin "The m Gene" Richard Dokinz ya ja hankalin masana kimiyya da matsaloli na al'adu juyin halitta a fagage daban-daban na namun daji. The abu na wani sabon kimiyya - memetics - ya samarwa a yi la'akari da category na ba-net ilmin dabbobi ko o. Yana iya zama ideas, da fasahohi, da sabon yayi a fashion da kuma al'adu. A misali ba a cikin littafin, da muradi na songs wuce sauka daga tsara zuwa tsara wasu jinsunan songbirds.

A ci gaba da ra'ayoyi a cikin wani sabon littafi

Lokaci ya tabbatar da muhimmancin da farko littafin na Dawkins. A ideas gabatar kyau litattafan, bayyanannu, kuma duba mai girma, ko da yake da shi ya sa m rigingimu, wani lokacin siyasa. Dawkins tuba zuwa ga apologist son kai da musun da darajar da wani zaman jama'a da kungiyoyi. Ya yi kokari ya bayyana matsayinsa a more daki-daki a cikin aikinsa "The Extended phenotype" (1982), ta haifa da more kimiyya.

Ainihin ra'ayin da aka: wasu halaye na raba jinsunan da kuma batun juyin canji da wani sarari iyaka, ya zo daidai da matsanancin harsashi kwayoyin. Yana shafi duk abin da ake da alaka da rayuwa. Saboda haka, zai iya zama beavers su dams, shafi wani yanki na dama kadada a yankin, da kuma sarari motocin, mutumin da aka yi da, za a iya haye kan iyakoki na mu Galaxy.

A gwagwarmayar da 'yanci na kimiyya

Back a cikin sittin Dawkins nuna jama'a aiki, dake zanga-yaki ayyuka. A cikin eighties, ya ji wata barazana ga 'yancin a matsayin juyin masana kimiyya da kuma iyakance damar zuwa wani sabon ƙarni na m kimiyya da ilmi ba. Creationists sun samu jihar goyon baya, da kuma koyarwar ka'idar Darwin ya gana tsanani cikas a cikin mafi "haskaka" ƙasashe. "Darwin ta Rottweiler" - wani sunan barkwanci samu domin aiki Richard Dawkins. "The Blind watchmaker" - abin da ake kira littafin da kuma ta TV version, saki a 1987. Sun nuna irin hali na kimiyyar da magoya bayan Fasaha Design.

Masu sukar juyin halitta ce cewa haduwar yanayi ne da ya bayyana kawai da Mahalicci ta aiki, da kuma asalin mutum ta hanyar sauka a hankali canji na m kwayoyin ne kamar yadda ba zai yiwu ba kamar yadda fitowan da wani hadadden tsari ba tare da m zane. Dawkins ne kullum jãyayya da cewa kawai zabin yanayi zai iya kai zuwa fitowan da hadaddun kwayoyin da musamman Properties.

Richard Dawkins 'The Blind watchmaker, "wanda aka alama ta m lambobin yabo da kuma lambobin yabo, shi ne gane shugaban mayakan basu yarda. A na gaba littafin, kishin al'amurran da suka shafi hulda tsakanin addini da kuma al'umma, ya zama mafi sayi da kuma sa overt ƙiyayya da shi da mabiya addinai mabambanta da kuma ƙungiyõyi.

A kan allon kuma a littattafan

Dawkins sosai da sauri ya zama wata recognizable kafofin watsa labarai hali a Ingila, Turai da kuma Amurka. Ya erudition, fasaha riwayan kuma polemicist sanya shi wani maraba bako na ilimi da kuma ilimi talabijin. A jerin talabijin laccoci ga yara da kuma matasa a cikin BBB-4 tashar, a kan abin da aka rubuta cikin littafin "Hawa ganiya Fabulous" (1996), kasance m yau. A da shi ya yayi Magana game da asalin rayuwa, ka'idar juyin na Darwin ta rawa wajen ci gaban kimiyyar zamani, insolvency "Allah bane".

ya littattafai ne na bayar da muhimmanci ba jayayya. Masana kimiyyar halitta daga kasashe daban-daban sun yarda da cewa, a yankunan da yawa daga kimiyya, da ke kawance da kimiyyar yanayin halitta, daya daga cikin mafi m masana kimiyya na lokacin mu - Richard Dawkins. "The kakanni ta Tale" (2004), "The Mafi Girma Nuna on Earth" (2009), "The Magic na Reality" (2011) - kawai na karshe na aikin lokaci. Sun ci gaba da namun daji bayyana m, kuma m tsari sha'awa wadda Dawkins wuce da mamaki fasaha.

"I - masanin kimiyya, ba wani Falsafa"

Bi da kome da kafofin kuma nemi shaida ba tare da dogaro da veru- kira ga Richard Dawkins. "The Allah Delusion" (2006) - a wancan littafi, wanda ya bayyana wannan kira a fili sosai. Yana dauke da wasu muhawara da creationists, da mummunan manifestations na addini fundamentalism:

• Kwantar da hankali da rawar da addini, ta ilimi darajar gane ko ta hanyar wasu wadanda basu yarda, kuma underestimation wannan da aka zargi ga Dawkins. Kuma ya bayar da hujjar cewa wanda zai iya zama farin ciki, da haushi da kuma ta abi'a cikakken mutum ba tare da biyayya ga wani iko mafi.
• Ka'idar juyin halitta da kuma dogara ne a kan shi da rukunan mafi cikakken kuma daidai bayyana duniya. Su ka damar musamman sha'awan da kyau da kuma bambancin, ba za su bayyana a kan guda so, kuma a cikin shakka daga sauka a hankali ban sha'awa tsari.
• Ba za ka iya tanƙwara hanyar tunani da halayya na dan Adam akidun, kawai a kan tushen da wurin haihuwa da kuma yanayi, inda ake tãyar da su. A ra'ayi na yaro-Muslim yaro ko wani Protestant ba zai iya zama m, kazalika da yaro ko wata akidar Karl Marx yaro-Nietzschean.
• Koyarwar addinin Musulunci - da tushen intransigence da zãlunci, musamman hatsari a yau. Maimakon alubalantar su aka gina asasshe, kuma asasshe masu tsatstsauran ra'ayi da kuma yan ta'adda.

Damuwa don nan gaba na duniya

Litattafai da shirye-shirye domin yara - wani muhimmin ɓangare na ilimi. yakukuwan da Richard Dawkins. "The Allah Delusion" - wani littafi da kuma talabijin movie, musamman demonstrative a gabar damu Masana kimiyya, da rabo daga cikin nan gaba na kimiyya da kuma duniya baki daya. A jihar a XXI karni, ya fito fili tana goyon bayan bude na Kirista da kuma Musulmi makarantu da jami'o'i, da kuma na horarwa an cire duk abin da hade da ka'idar Darwin na asalin rayuwa.

A rashin al'ada zaton kyauta, ba tare da rinjayar da wani ɓangare na uku, da makafi addini a gaskiya, ƙirƙira by wani kuma a lokacin da wani abu - wancan ne abin da masana kimiyya gani a hatsari ga masu tasowa mutum. Independence da kuma 'yanci, da cin gashin a bude sabon kololuwa, da ikon godiya bayyanar Duniya a matsayin rare nasara, da bin m ji na rayuwa - shi ne mai muhimmanci da cewa yaro yana da dauki da a cikin adulthood.

dukiyar ilimi

Sunansa shi ne a qananan duniya, asteroid, ƙidaya 8331 a cikin zurfin sarari da HALITTAR na ruwa tare kifi daga dutse irin kifi da cewa rayuwa, a Kudu India da Sri Lanka. Shĩ ne da lashe daruruwan babbar kyaututtkan. M wallafe - Prospect, Time, The Daily tangarahu yi da sunansa a cikin jerin daga cikin mafi shahararren Thinkers na zamaninmu.

A Mutumin wanda e-mail shi ne cike da haruffa da batsa batancinsu da kuma barazanar da mummunan bugun fanareti a halin yanzu da kuma afterlife - shi ne ma Richard Dawkins. "Addini ya halaka duk", "Maqiyan na dalilin" - imani a cikin mafi girma da hankali ne ba a shirye ya gafarta masa, ko da sunayen littattafan da.

Ya rubuta cewa littattafai, fina-finai da ke sa, ya alamar tauraro a cikin fina-finai da kuma majigin yara, da kuma taka rawa a nuna da kuma dutsen kide. Ya zaune a full yarda da magana tare da posters da aka shafe a kan London bas a cikin tsarin na yaƙi da za'ayi tare da sa hannu na Dawkins: "A duk alama, babu wani Allah. Isa damuwa da kuma ji dadin ka da rai. "