Da farko jet jirgin kasa a Tarayyar Soviet: tarihin, halaye, da hotuna

A farkon '70s kafin All-Union Scientific Research Institute of railcar (VNIIV) da kuma Yakovlev Design ofishin da aiki na samar da wani m lantarki jiragen kasa da aka tsĩrar, iya gudu 200 km / h. Duk da haka, kafin a ci gaba da aiwatar da irin wannan wani m aikin a lokacin, ya kamata sosai karatu duk da fasali na hulda da wagon ƙafafun da reluwe a lokacin aiki ƙare a irin wannan high gudu.

A gwaji mota-roka

Domin manufar da gwaji da kuma jet jirgin kasa da aka halitta, ya zama mafi daidai, da mota-dakin gwaje-gwaje masu garu kora a kan shi jirgin sama injuna. Irin wannan zane ba kawai ba da damar cimma bukata gudun, amma rage hadarin hargitsi gabatar da drive ƙafafun, yayin da juyawa Firaministan daga reluwe.

A ra'ayin na samar da wani jirgin kasa da jet engine ya ba da asali, tun da 60s a irin wannan gwaji da aka gudanar a Amurka da kuma aka yadu rufe a duniya latsa. A gwaninta na American abokan aiki da aka yi amfani da Soviet designers bi dukan taron aiki a shagunan na Kalinin (yanzu Tver) karusa Works. Wannan shi ne inda na farko jet jirgin kasa Tarayyar Soviet da aka kafa.

jirgin kasa jet

An sani cewa halittar asali shirya ya yi na musamman locomotive cewa ya cika dukan bukatun da bukatun da ake bukata daga mota-dakin gwaje-gwaje. Amma a cikin shakka daga cikin aikin fara, an yanke shawarar in je ga wani sauki hanyar zuwa wannan karshen, yi amfani da wani yau da kullum lantarki mota shugaban ER 22 kerarre da Riga karusa Works. Hakika, domin sa commuter jirgin kasa ta jet jirgin kasa, ya so ya yi shi a cikin zane na wasu canje-canje, amma a wani hali da ya fi sauki da sauri fiye da samar da wani sabon model.

Shan da gwaninta na American kwararru, designers VNIIV da Yakovlev Design ofishin zatona dace domin karfafa kan taksi, biyu jet injuna. A wannan yanayin, kamar yadda a cikin batun na wani locomotive a gaban su fuskanci wata matsala ko ─ zayyana wani sabon abu, ko amfani da shirye-sanya injuna amfani da zamani a jirgin sama? Bayan doguwar tattaunawa da aka fi son na biyu embodiment.

New rayuwa sun soke zama injuna

Daga cikin dukkan samfurori samuwa ga halittawa daga cikin jirgin kasa a kan jet-Powered, aka zaba daga biyu sun soke zama engine fasinja jirgin saman yak-40 (ya photo da aka gabatar a cikin labarin), tsara don bauta wa gida kamfanonin jiragen sama. Bayan m da jirgin hanya, duka biyu injuna ne a m yanayin da zai iya har yanzu bauta a ƙasa. Su yi amfani da shi low kuma m bayani.

A hali da ta yi nasara gwaji tare da su kafuwa a kan wani jet jirgin kasa, za a iya warware daya mafi muhimmanci sosai ga kasa da tattalin arzikin matsalar hade tare da ci gaba da yin amfani da rubuce-kashe da jirgin sama injuna ba su dace da jirgin sama, amma shi ne quite dace da ƙasa aiki. Kamar yadda ya bayyana a cikin wadannan shekaru L. I. Brezhnev: "The tattalin arzikin dole tattali."

Simple da kuma m bayani

A cikin tsari, jirgin kasa halittawa jet da za su magance wata matsala da muhimmanci sosai ─ yadda za a ba shugaban mota jirgin kasa da nata irin kaddarorin da ake bukata ga dauke da shi high-gudun gwaji. Matsalar da ke cikin halittarsa, ba tsara don shawo kan karfi zuwan airflow. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan harka, mai sauki da ingantaccen bayani da aka samu.

Ba tare da canza misali mota zane, da kyaun mãsu halittawa daga cikin aikin yi amfani da musamman gammaye, rufe da shugaban, wutsiya da undercarriage ɓangare na shi. Su size da kuma siffar da aka lasafta a cikin MSU dangane da dakin gwaje-gwaje data samu a sakamakon gwaje-gwajen, a cikin abin da musamman sanya a cikin ƙaho a kan mota model a wata iska rami.

Nuna hanci, da kuma zafi-resistant rufin

Bayan injiniyoyi gwada haka 15 gwaji model, sun kasance iya samun mafi kyau duka tsari a cikin abin da jet shugaban mota da jirgin ya zama mafi streamlined. A sakamakon haka, ya nuna hanci bã kõme ba ne fiye da wani farantin saka a gaba, na kuma ga Ya halitta yanayi a karkashin abin da machinists duba gaba ta hanyar da biyu gilashi ─ da fairing da taksi.

Wani muhimmin aiki sun matakan hana zafi fiye da kima daga cikin rufi a sakamakon daukan hotuna zuwa zafi gas daga ƙarƙashinsu shi, tsere daga jet injuna. A saboda wannan dalili, a kan saman mota suka karfafa zafi-resistant karfe zanen gado, wanda aka sanya karkashin insulating Layer.

Zane na mota inganta

Bugu da kari, Soviet jet jirgin kasa, ko wajen, da gwaji mota da aka cushe da kowane irin kayan aiki, ya sa ya yiwu ba kawai don sa dole ma'aunai a lokacin gwaji, amma kuma ya tabbatar da aminci da ta walwala, a irin wannan high gudu. Yana zai wuya zama wani ƙari da cewa, ba tare da ya dace inganta ba a barsu babu wani daga cikin gyara na mota, saboda matsananci yanayi yi musamman bukatar duk tsarin, ciki har da da farko da shasi da birki.

Dukan kayayyakin more rayuwa daga cikin gaggawa ─ jet - jirgin kasa da aka canza saboda wani yawan fasaha dalilai. Isar da shi a ce idan a karkashin al'ada yanayi da mota gudãnar da ƙafafun, da haddasa su zuwa juya da, gina a kan reluwe waƙoƙi, matsa sama, sa'an nan da amfani da jet dirka, ƙafafun kuma reluwe taka rawar da wani mai shiryarwa abubuwa rike da mota a cikin wani qaddara hanya.

Birki da kuma a kaikaice oscillation matsala

Ganin cewa, bisa ga lissafin designers, da zũriyarsu da su kai wani gudun 360 km / h, shi ya cancanci musamman da hankali birki tsarin iya tsayawa a runaway jirgin kasa, idan ya cancanta. Saboda wannan dalili, gaba daya sabon model na faifai da Magnetic dogo birki da aka ɓullo da.

Amma a kaikaice oscillations na karusa cewa babu makawa bayyana lokacin da tuki a kan jirgin, suka yi fatan su bice saboda gas jet emanating daga jet engine. A yi, wadannan lissafin kasance gaba daya wajaba a kansa.

The dogon-jiran halarta a karon

A karshe, duk da shiri aikin da aka kammala, kuma a watan Mayu na shekarar 1971 a kewayen birni Railway sashe Golutvin ─ Ozery farko Soviet jirgin kasa tare da jet injuna shige da gwajin. A wannan lokacin, da yake da shi a tsawon 28 m da 59,4 m kansa nauyi. Don haka ya kamata a kara nauyin 4 ton ─ biyu jet injuna, da kuma 7.2 m ─ jirgin sama kananzir, bauta ga su man fetur.

A lokacin farko ziyarci shi aka gyarawa gudun 180 km / h ─ high isa a lokacin, amma shi ne da nisa daga lasafta 360 km / h. Dalilin wannan matalauta da sakamakon shi ne babu fasaha shortcomings, da kuma a babban adadin mai lankwasa sassan na waƙa a kan abin da, saboda wasu dalilai, ya rage gudu.

Duk da haka, bayyanar da farko m jet jirgin kasa, sai aka lura a cikin latsa matsayin wani gagarumin taron. Wadannan labarin gabatar da murfin da rare mujallar "Technology Matasa", wanda ya sadaukar da m labarin.

kara gwaje-gwaje

Domin ya kawar da yuwuwar cikas, da wadannan gwaje-gwaje da za'ayi a cikin lokaci 1971─1975 shekaru., Za'ayi a kan tafarki sashe na waƙar da akwati Dnieper Railway tsakanin tashoshin da Novomoskovsk Dneprodzerzhinsk. A can a watan Fabrairu 1972 turbojet jirgin kasa daga Tarayyar Soviet sa duniya rikodin ga gudun kan jirgin hanya 1520 mm, amounting zuwa 250 km / h. Yau, waɗannan ba kome ba sabon ba, amma a cikin wadannan shekaru, a irin wannan sakamakon an yi fice nasara.

Irin wannan mai kyau sakamakon ba mu bege cewa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, kasar za ta fara taro samar na high-gudun dogo jiragen kasa, powered by jet dirka. Injiniyoyin da hannu a cikin halittar farko nasarar wuce gwajin da samfurin, sun kasance a shirye don fara ci gaban high-gudun trohvagonnogo abun da ke ciki. Duk da haka, mafarkansu da aka qaddara domin ya zama gaskiya.

Hanya, m ga high-gudun jiragen kasa

A dalilan da ya sa turbojet injuna da dirka ba kunshe a cikin taro samar da 'yan. Daga gare su, da muhimmiyar rawar da ta taka, inertia da sluggishness na Soviet tsarin tattalin arziki. Amma baya ga cewa, akwai muhimmanci haƙiƙa dalilai sun hana wannan bidi'a.

Babban cikas bayyana Soviet Railways gina daidai da fasaha da bukatun na shekaru masu yawa da suka wuce. A radii na curvature daga gare su, da aka shirya da zanen kaya na musamman daidai da topographical yanayi da kuma ƙasa ga mafi part kamar yadda suka wuce ake buƙata gudun rage zuwa 80 km / h ko ƙananan. Don sa a cikin aiki high-gudun jiragen kasa zai yi gina sababbin hanyoyin da bukatar gagarumin zuba jari, ko don magance ta curvature on da haihuwa, furuci da cewa wanda ya kasa aiki. Babu wani daga cikin wadannan zažužžukan da aka gane a matsayin alamar a da Tarayyar Soviet.

Amsawa jirgin kasa bawa matsaloli

Nasarar wuce da gwaje-gwaje gano a halin yanzu a yawan matsalolin da suka shafi dogo kayayyakin more rayuwa. A wannan yanayin da muke magana ne game da bude tashar dandamali da cewa suna sanye take da duk kasashe ba tare da togiya tashoshin. Train whizzing da su a gudun 250 km / h, zai iya haifar da wani iska kalaman da cewa zai kawar da toshiya a cikin ƙyaftawar ido duk mutane a kan dandamali. Haka kuma, don tabbatar da cewa isasshen tsaro ake bukata na tartsatsi zamani, wanda zai ma bukatar babbar kudi.

Daga cikin matsalolin da ya da irin wannan alama kananan abu, kamar tsakuwa cewa rufe dukkan jiragen kasa a Tarayyar Soviet. Horar da a kan jet dirka, tuki da tashoshin da reluwe crossings, kafa a kusa da nata irin kwarara daga iska babu makawa tashe a wata babbar adadin girma abu, juya shi cikin lafiya barbashi kama shrapnel. Daya ƙarshe ─ domin yin amfani da irin wannan mahadi za a concreted duk waƙoƙi.

Dakatar da gwajin

Nazarin ya nuna cewa a cikin shekaru 70 masu rinjaye na Railways yarda da Tarayyar Soviet wajen samar da su a saman gudun 140 km / h. Kawai a wasu yankunan shi za a iya karu zuwa 200 km / h ba tare da kara hadarin. Saboda haka, kara kara gudu daga mirgina stock an gane a wancan lokacin impractical saboda babu makawa bukatar babbar zuba jari.

Kamar yadda ya zuwa yanzu kamar yadda gudun da mota-dakin gwaje-gwaje, a karshen da gwaje-gwajen a shekarar 1975 ya aka aiko zuwa birnin Kalinin factory. Bisa sakamakon da muka samu a cikin shakka daga aikin da za'ayi, mu da aka yi da dacewa tsarin canje-canje a cikin sabon factory aukuwa kamar RT 200 locomotive da jirgin kasa ER 200.

A bakin ciki tsufa

Don cika da manufa, kuma ba wanda sai so, da mota-jirgin shekara goma yana cikin daban-daban factory sidings, rusting, kuma ya hõre su looting. A karshe, a cikin tsakiyar 80s enterprising yara daga wani gida YCL kwamitin je sama tare da ra'ayin sa da shi a gaye a waɗannan shekaru, video dakin, ta amfani da wannan manufa a jiki da cewa duba sosai m saka da mota.

Yana ce ─ yi. Watsi da mota da aka jan daga sump zuwa factory masussuka, da kuma remodeled daidai da sabon aiki. Duk da haihuwa shaƙewa harba daga gare shi, kuma a kan liberated yankunan kafa na gani kayan aiki da kuma kujeru ga yan kallo. A cikin tsohon taksi kuma m shirayin shirya mashaya. A saman duk kawar da matsanancin tsatsa da fentin ya jet video dakin a blue da fari sautunan.

Zai ze, a nan da kuma fara sabon rayuwa, amma a sayar sharuddan Komsomol crept m matsala ─ kasa yarda da gida gagararru a kan wani m adadin pullback daga cikin kudaden shiga. Kuma ya kõma zuwa ga mota fama da matattu karshen, inda ya shafe wani shekaru 20, ƙarshe zama zubar a ƙafafun.

Na tuna game da shi kawai a 2008, lokacin da shirya bikin 110th ranar tunawa da shuka. Its streamlined da kafa daya domin dukkan dokokin aerodynamics wata hanci da yanke, tsabtace, fentin da amfani don ƙirƙirar wani tunawa bango, shigar kusa da factory ƙofar. Ta hoto kammala mu labarin.