Mulkin gargajiya al'umma. Class na mulkin gargajiya jama'a

Mulkin gargajiya jama'a da aka dauke kusan duniya nau'i na gwamnati domin Eurasia. Mafi yawa daga cikin mutanen da suke zaune a cikinta, sun tafi ta hanyar tsarin. Next, dauki mukalli, abin da mai mulkin gargajiya al'umma.

fasalin

Duk da wasu canje-canje a cikin dangantaka tsakanin mabukaci da kuma m, da karshen zauna a cikin cikakkar dogara da farko. Mulkin gargajiya bawa jama'a da aka dogara ne a kan wata hanyar yin kasuwanci. Direct m da nasa gona. Duk da haka, ya zauna a dogara a matsayin bawa. Tilastawa bayyana a haya. Ta iya wakilta a cikin nau'i na corvee (aiki-board), sadãkõkinsu (kayayyakin) ko bayyana, a kudi. A size na haya ya kahu sosai. Wannan ya ba da wani kai tsaye manufacturer na wani 'yanci a cikin hali na kasuwanci ayyukan. Wadannan siffofin na mulkin gargajiya jama'a da aka musamman pronounced a lokacin miƙa mulki ga monetary wajibi biya. A wannan yanayin, manomi ne free don bayyana ikon sayar da kayayyakin.

Ãyõyin mulkin gargajiya jama'a

Za mu iya rarrabe halaye na wannan al'umma:

• da predominance arziki noma.
• mai hade da kananan baƙauye ƙasar zangonsa manyan mulkin gargajiya ƙasar mulki.
• sirri dogaro da kai tsaye kera. Extraeconomic aikin gandu da samfurin rarraba.
• na yau da kullum da kuma m jihar na art.
• gaban haya dangantakar (wajibi an biya domin yin amfani da ƙasar).

Duk da haka, akwai m da kuma takamaiman fasali na mulkin gargajiya jama'a:

• mamayar addini akida (a cikin wannan tarihi lokaci na coci suna ta raira waƙa musamman rawar).
• mulkin gargajiya al'umma yana da fadi da ci gaban da kamfanoninsu.
• matsayi tsarin .
• akwai kadarori na mulkin gargajiya al'umma.

The classic model

Mai fili mulkin gargajiya jama'a da aka ɓullo da a Faransa. Duk da haka, wannan tsarin ba nema wa jihar, maimakon da tattalin arziki tsarin na kasar. Duk da haka, shi ya kasance a Faransa sosai-tsare aji na mulkin gargajiya al'umma. Su da aka gabatar a matsayin talakansa na mataki. Its tattalin arziki muhimmanci yana kurkuku a tilasta redistribution na biya tsakanin yadudduka da hukuncin aji. By domin na suzerain talakansa tattara mayakan a kansa kudi. Yana kare da iyaka da kuma wakilci, a gaskiya, da na'urar da ba-kama-karya tattalin arziki na manoma. Irin wannan tsarin, a cikinsa akwai wani mulkin gargajiya jama'a, ya quite sau da yawa hadarurruka. A sakamakon haka, kasar Faransa ta zama wani dandali na kasa da kuma yakin basasa. Musamman wuya da kasar da aka fuskantar da sakamakon da yaki da Ingila 14-15 karnoni. Duk da haka, shi ne wannan yaki ya gudummawar da hanzari na da kwato manoma daga dogara. Wannan shi ne saboda cewa sarki sojoji da aka bukata. Resource for kafofin watsa labarai harsunan 'yan barandan sojojin da manyan bindigogi, da shi zai iya zama free manoma. Duk da gabatarwar kwacen gida, da tattalin arziki da halin da ake ciki na dogara da mutane ba a zahiri inganta tun da haraji da kuma fansa biya sun maye gurbin da mulkin gargajiya haya.

aikin gona specialization

Ya kamata a lura cewa da 14th karni, Faransa da aka raba siddan cikin da dama zones. Alal misali, tsakiya da kuma arewacin sassa dauke da babban granary, kudancin - ruwan inabi tushe. A lokaci guda shi ya fara nuna da magabaci na daya daga cikin yankuna a tattalin arziki da sharuddan. A musamman, a Arewacin Faransa sun riya uku-filin tsarin.

Features na ci gaba tattalin arzikin Ingila

Mulkin gargajiya al'umma na wannan kasa da wasu bambance-bambance daga Faransa tsarin. A Ingila, karkashin shugabancin tsakiya management ya fi pronounced. Wannan shi ne saboda kasar ta mulkin gargajiya ci a 1066. janar ƙidaya aka gudanar. Yana nuna cewa mulkin gargajiya tsarin al'umma da kadarori a lokacin da aka gina. Duk da haka, sabanin da Faransa, da Turanci masu sun vassals na King kai tsaye. A ci gaba da alama, wanda ya mallaka English mulkin gargajiya jama'a, ya zo da fasaha Dalili na gidan gona. The m jihar bakin teku yanayi da gudummawar da aiki ci gaban da tumaki kiwo da kuma samar da albarkatun ulu. A karshen ne batu na babban bukatar a ko'ina na da Turai. Sale na ulu, wanda aka za'ayi ba kawai mulkin gargajiya iyayengiji ba, amma kuma manoma, serfs gudummawar aiki maye - la'ada aiki, da na halitta sadãkõkinsu - rents a monetary sharuddan (sharuddan sauyawa).

A tipping batu

A 1381 a rare tawaye karkashin jagorancin Wat Tyler. A sakamakon haka, akwai kusan cikakkiyar sharuddan sauyawa, da kuma bayan fansar mulkin gargajiya sadãkõkinsu da manoma na nasu. Kusan duk dogara mutane sun zama kaina free zuwa 15th karni. Sun kasu kashi biyu Categories: mubaya'a kuma freeholders. A farko biya haya ga allotments, da kuma karshen an dauke da cikakken free kambun na ƙasar. Saboda haka, shi ya kafa gentry - sabon nobility - wanda ya jagoranci tattalin arziki aiki ne kawai a kan la'ada aiki.

Ci gaban da tsarin a Jamus

An kafa daga baya fiye da a Faransa da kuma Ingila, a wannan kasa, tsarin mulkin gargajiya al'umma. Gaskiyar cewa wasu yankunan Jamus an yanke daga juna, a wannan batun, guda a jihar ya ba ci gaba. Daidai da muhimmanci su ne jaws na Slavic ƙasashe Jamus mulkin gargajiya da sarakunanku. Wannan gudummawar da wani gagarumin increment na amfanin gona yankin. A tsawon lokaci, shi ya fara ci gaba da ciki yankin mulkin mallaka manoma yankunan gabas na Elbe. Sai suka ba da fifiko, da kuma kadan aminci a kan mulkin gargajiya da sarakunanku. Duk da haka, a cikin 15th karni masu kadarori na gabashin Jamus, sun amfana daga fitarwa na hatsi Ingila da Holland ta cikin Baltic tashoshin jiragen ruwa da kuma aiwatar da cikakkar bautar galihu manoma. The masu Mun halitta wani m noma da kuma canja su zuwa serfdom. Kalmar "ƙasa a hayin Elbe" ya zo a matsayin alamu na ci gaban marigayi feudalism.

Features na tsarin ci gaba a Japan

Tattalin arzikin kasar ya mai yawa da bambance-bambance daga Turai. Da farko, a cikin Japan babu master ta noma. Saboda haka, babu serfdom, kuma serfdom. Abu na biyu, da tattalin arzikin kasar Japan amsa cikin data kasance ga ƙarni na mulkin gargajiya fragmentation. A kasar mamaye kananan baƙauye gonaki, dangane da hereditary mallaki ƙasar. Ta, bi da bi, mallakar da mulkin gargajiya da sarakunanku. Kamar yadda rents bayyana halitta sadãkõkinsu a cikin nau'i na shinkafa. Saboda mulkin gargajiya fragmentation kafa mai yawa mulkoki. Lokacin da suka halarci servicemen sojojin, wanda kunshi samurai Knights. A matsayin diyya ga sabis sojoji shirya daga shinkafa rabon abinci shugabanninsu. Daga waliccinsu, ba samurai. Amma ga Japan birane, a cikin abin da aka samu a mulkin gargajiya naúrar, kazalika a Turai. Sana'a aka sõyayya a cikin shagon, 'yan kasuwa - a cikin guild. Ã'a rauni cinikayya da aka ɓullo. A rashin guda kasuwar saboda mulkin gargajiya fragmentation. Japan da aka rufe don 'yan kasashen waje. Manufactory a kasar ne a cikin jariri.

Features na tsarin naúrar a Rasha

Classes na mulkin gargajiya jama'a da aka kafa gwada da marigayi a kwatanta da sauran kasashe. A cikin karni na 15th akwai dakaru servicemen. Ya kasance da gonaki (manya). Sun kasance masu kadarori da kuma a nasu kudi a kowace bazara tafi gaggawa sabis. By kaka da suka tafi gida. Canja wuri da kadarori da aka kwashe daga uba zuwa ga ɗa ta gādo. A daidai da Majalisar Code of 1649, manoma da aka abada a haɗe zuwa dũkiyarku da ƙasa, inda suka zauna, zama serfs. A Turai, da lokaci da yawa daga cikin membobin wannan aji kasance free. Kamar yadda aikinsu yi aiki haya. A 17th karni Barshchina zai iya isa har zuwa 4 days a mako. By na biyu da rabi na 16th karni da samuwar manyan yankuna kasuwanni, da kuma ga 17th centenary na cinikayya yi tsiwirwirinsu wata kasa sikelin. A arewa maso yammacin jihar ya zama cibiyar Novgorod. Ya kasance wani aristocratic jamhuriyar, wanda aka mamaye da arziki azuzuwan na mulkin gargajiya al'umma. Wadannan wakilan, musamman, sun hada da 'yan kasuwa da kuma gonaki (manya). The girma na Novgorod yawan kunshi "black jama'a" - sana'a. Daga cikin mafiya muhimmanci dabbobi kasuwanni a lokacin ne ya samar da Yaroslavl, Vologda, Kazan. Babban ciniki cibiyar da dukan ƙasar ne Moscow. Yana sayar Jawo, siliki, ulu kayayyakin, karfe kayayyakin, gurasa, naman alade da sauran guzuri da kuma m kaya.

ci gaba rance

Abincinsa noma shi ne babban nau'i na kasuwanci. Wannan ya sãɓã, farkon mulkin gargajiya al'umma. Jari hujja samar fara fito fili a kan tushen da sauki co-aiki, sa'an nan da ma'aikata. A tabbatarwa shi ne sauki yawa ya zama da hannu kudi. Wadannan kudi suna da hannu a cikin yunkuri na riba, kuma m babban birnin kasar. bankuna ya fara bayyana. Asali da suka kasance a kantin sayar da na kudi. Developing kudi-canza kasuwanci. Tun da 18th karni, ya fara yada biya ga m ma'amaloli. Saboda da kara bukatun da jihar kasafin kudin ya fara da za a kafa.

kasuwar dangantakar

A kan ci gaban kasashen waje da kuma cinikayyar cikin gida ƙwarai rinjayi birane girma a kan West Turai ƙasa. Sun kafa musamman cikin gida kasuwa. Akwai aka za'ayi musayar kayayyakin na birane da kuma yankunan karkara sana'a. A 14-15 karnoni, ya fara samar da wata guda kasuwar. Sun zama wani irin tattalin arziki da cibiyoyin da mulkin gargajiya jihohi. Daga cikin mafi girma a lura London da Paris. A ciki cinikayya da aka quite underdeveloped. Wannan shi ne saboda da na halitta halin da tattalin arzikin kasar. Bugu da kari, ci gaban cinikayyar cikin gida ragae da fragmentation, saboda abin da aikinsu tattara a kowane senor. 'Yan kasuwa na wani irin samfurin fatake sõyayya a guild. Wadannan rufaffiyar ƙungiya tsara dokoki da kuma tsarin da kasuwar yawa.