A tarihin Vyborg: kafuwar, wuraren tarihi, da siyasa, da kuma soja muhimmancin

'Yan a kowace ƙasa a duniya yana da yawa ban sha'awa birane, duka biyu a Rasha. Taken mu review - tarihin Vyborg. Wannan birni ne da gaskiya da alfahari a kan ɗari uku na musamman abubuwa na al'adu da tarihi da muhimmanci.

Yankin ne na dabarun muhimmancin

Vyborg tushe Dates daga 1293 shekara. Masana tarihi sau da yawa wannan adadi ne jayayya, tun da ƙasa na zamani Vyborg riga a cikin goma sha ɗaya karni, an sanaki da Slavic kabilu da kuma Karelian. Idan ka yi imani da tarihi, da Swedes ci gaba da kai hari a ƙasashen su makwabta. Sun nemi su mallaki tsibiran Vyborg tarin tsiburai na dabarun soja dalilai - Vyborg tarin tsiburai sigar musamman m wuri domin warships. A da kankara shi ne mai sauki boye ko da wani manya-manyan jiragen ruwa. Bugu da kari, da yawa tarin tsiburai tare da zurfin straits, ba ko da yaushe isa ga kewayawa - manufa halitta tarko ga intruders.

Babban matakai na tarihi na Vyborg

Vyborg tarihi za a iya raba bakwai matakai:

• A mataki na farko - kafin Swedish mamayewa. A farko ambaci wannan ƙasa da mazaunanta nufin da IX karni. Shahararren Rasha tarihi Tatishchev a cikin rubuce-rubucen da aka ambata wasu Ioakimovskaya labarinsa, wanda ake zargin ya bayyana cewa, sansanin soja na Vyborg aka kafa ta Dattijon Novgorod Gostomysl. Daya daga cikin 'ya'yansa aka mai suna zabi - Saboda haka sunan kagara.
• A mataki na biyu - da Swedish lokaci. A tsawon lokaci da ya - daga 1293 har 1710, lokacin da aka kafa a cikin Rasha Empire.
• The uku mataki - wani ɓangare na Rasha Empire.
• A karo na hudu mataki - Finnish.
• A karo na biyar mataki - da yaki shekaru 1940-1944.
• The shida mataki - a cikin Tarayyar Soviet
• Bakwai mataki - da zamani, da cewa shi ne, daga shekarar 1991 zuwa yanzu lokaci.

wanda ya kafa birnin

A 1293 da Swedish marshal da sarki regent Torkel Knutsson aka dauka sau daya, yanzu nasara, tafiya a kan ƙasa Karelian da Novgorod. A daya daga cikin tsibiran, ya kafa wani soja USAID, da ake kira Mai Tsarki sansanin soja. Wannan shi ne yadda za a fassara daga Swedish kalma sauti "Vyborg". 1293 yana dauke da shekarar haihuwa da Vyborg. Bisa ga wannan, za mu iya ƙidaya yawan shekaru na Vyborg, kuma su kusan ɗari takwas.

Shiryar da dadi sabubban da Jihadi, Marshall shirya don yada mallakar Sweden da kuma mafi m yankunan. Ya mallaki m talanti, ba kawai a cikin soja harkokin amma kuma cikin siyasa. A matsayin wakilin daya daga cikin darajar da arziki iyalai a Sweden, Torkel Knutsson shi ne na farko mai mulkin inuwa a wata rashin lafiya King Magnus na Ladulose, sa'an nan, bayan da Accession zuwa kursiyin qananan Birger Magnusson aka nada regent. Jim kadan kafin mutuwar mahaifinsa, a kusa da 1290, shekaru goma na Birger Magnusson sa Knutsson babban kwamandan Sweden.

A farkon na gaba karni za a iya gani a matsayin faduwar rana a cikin tarihinsa daga cikin courtier. A cikin shekaru tsakanin 1302-1303 Birger Magnusson da 'yan'uwansa ya barke shawarwari kan dama na maye. Torkel Knutsson juya a cikin whirl rikici, amma wannan lokacin matsayinsa ne musamman rauni saboda rikici da Paparoma Boniface Sabunta. Gaskiyar cewa regent sarki, fuskantar babbar bukatarsa wajen gudanar da mulki a kasar, kokarin dauka kan hakkokin cikin taskar coci. A sakamakon haka, ya aka ayyana maƙiyi da bangaskiya da kuma na kasar da kuma a bainar jama'a a fille kansa.

Ƙwaƙwalwar na kafa birnin immortalized a wani tagulla abin tunawa, shigar a gaban Tsohon Town Hall da ginin.

'Yan Salibiyya castle

The main janye daga birnin - Vyborg Castle. Alama ce Vyborg aka kafa a 1293 da shugaban na jihadi Torkel Knutsson. A sallama lokaci guda, wannan yanki mallakar sarauta na Novgorod, da kuma rayu a kan shi Karelia. Yaren mutanen Sweden marshal, tun kwace garin Vyborg, Novgorod katange kadai ciniki hanya zuwa Turai da kuma kafa ya tsare-tsaren ga mafi m ɓangaren duniya ƙasar Slavs.

A castle misali ne mai kyau na yammacin Turai na da soja gine. Yana tsaye a kan Castle Island, da aka fi sani da shanu. Its arewacin ne low da ya dace domin aikin gona dalilai, da kuma gabas ne m tudu. Akwai gina iko bango kauri kusan mita 2. A cibiyar tsibirin gina hasumiya. A kasa shi yana da square giciye sashe. A monumental hudu-mita ganuwar Ka ci gaba da dogara kare ciki hasumiyar daga cannonballs. Sa'an nan shi ne tallest gini a Scandinavia. Yana da aka mai suna hasumiyar St. Olav a cikin girmamawa ga Sarkin Norway, wanda ya yi musu baftisma da Scandinavian asashe.

A tsakiyar XV karni, da gwamnan da Swedish King Karl Knutsson Bunde sosai ennobled kurkuku ciki sarari, rarraba shi a cikin bẽnãye domin dalilai daban-daban, jarumtan da bukukuwan dakunan, sanya tiled stoves. Kwaruruka hedged ƙasar rabo bango da kuma babba dutse sharewa. Ramparts ya kara matsara square hasumiya, da gina a cikin farfajiyar Aljanna Tower. Wannan zagaye hasumiyar kuma dauke wata alama ce Vyborg kuma sau da yawa wanda aka nuna a kan katunan gaisuwa tare da ra'ayoyi na birni da kuma tsarabobi. A cikin babban yankin Gwamnan gina wani sansanin soja bango tsaron gida hasumiya, haka juya Vyborg Castle sansanin soja a raya da biyu bango.

A 1556, wani yana kokarin muhimmanci tsibirin, ziyarci Yaren mutanen Sweden sarki Gustav Vaz. Again, gagarumin canje-canje halartar Vyborg Castle. Vyborg sansanin soja canja da silhouette: babban hasumiya kara biyu up bakwai labarin octagonal al'amudin da loopholes. Dilapidated ciki aka maye gurbinsu da wani sabon, tsada da kuma exquisitely kyau, kuma a cikin tsakar gida na castle kara m gona da gine-gine.

Mafi yawa daga cikin gine-gine da aka yi da itace. Su sukan kone, da kuma a cikin XVI karni, da gine-gine da aka cire, kuma a cikin wurin gina da dutse. A cikin tsakar gida na castle haƙa dama tafkunan da wani marmaro. Tare da ke arewa maso yammacin bango a waje na dutse barikin gina. Wasu na da gidaje, wanda ya bayyana a lokacin, har yanzu wanzu.

Vyborg Castle zauna m har 1710.

Vyborg a Rasha Empire

Bayan da shan kashi a Arewa War kuma fall na sansanin soja Oreshek St. Petersburg zo karkashin barazana a kai tsaye harin da Swedes. An fara da 1706 Bitrus I sanya da dama yunkurin samun Swedes ba shi da muhimmanci ga Rasha tsibirin, amma dukan su sun fadi. Kawai karshen, kaddamar a 1710, ya kawo nasara ga sarki. Yuni 23 da Swedish sojojin hannu da kayan aiki na sallama.

A gida yawan bai ji wani dama da Rasha invaders. Ba su yada dokar serfdom. A Orthodox kasashe, sun kuma kiyaye su gida, da Lutheran bangaskiya. Bugu da ƙari, cikin birnin na ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin tsufa, watau Swedish, dokokin. Tare da isowa daga Rasha cinikayya a birnin farfado, wani m Enterprises, yawan na zama yankunan, ƙauyuka, hažaka da haihuwa kufaifan. Af, daya daga cikin masu unguwanni da aka Abram Petrovich Hannibal, kakan mawãƙi A. S. Pushkina.

Daga cikin karkata daga wani lardin Swedish garin Vyborg zama m lardin Rasha. Ko da bayyanar da birnin da gine-gine ya halartar gagarumin canje-canje. Akwai aka za'ayi su ayyukan, da yawa shahararren gine-ginen, ciki har da Eduard Ivanovich Totleben da Yuhon Yakubu Arenberg.

Daga tsakiyar karni XIX a Vyborg wani sosai m taki na masana'antu. Shipping aka aza Saimaa Canal, birnin gasified, sa'an nan ya zo da nuna of wutar lantarki, tsakiyar samar da ruwa da kuma telephony. Daga 1856 zuwa 1912 Vyborg ya a rariya unprecedentedly m tattalin arziki. A cikin shekaru uku da za a gina wani layin dogo da tsawon na 350 km, kuma a 1870, a kan ta hanya St. Petersburg - Helsinki shirya kashi na farko. A 1912, mafi m kusurwa Vyborg shiga tram Lines da kuma birnin na yawan mutane a wannan lokaci ya girma zuwa 50 dubu mutane. Da shi shi ne na biyu mafi girma a birnin na Grand Duchy na Finland. The yawan kunshi yafi na Finns - game da 81%, Swedish ya 10%, da kuma Rasha - kawai 6.5%.

Specific da, da haukan da kuma hadisai liberalisticheskie sun dalilin cewa Viborg ya zama cibiyar haduwa da abokan adawar na sarauta da iko. Yana da aka a nan aka haife sanannen "Vyborg Shelar" kira ga ayyukan} ungiyoyin na fãsiƙanci. Kafin juyin juya halin nan a ɓoye V. I.Lenin.

Architect Yakubu Arenberg

Arenberg m na ra'ayin cewa garinsu zama wani misali domin duk, ya kamata ya nuna da kuma koya, kamar yadda wakilan daban-daban daga kasashe da kuma addinai iya zama cikin salama tare. Yana ba da muhimmanci ga abin da hukumomin gudanar da ƙasa a cikin abin da suka kasance. Babban abu - kyau-makwabtakar da kuma girmama juna.

Arenberg ya rayu kuma yi aiki a Rasha Empire, da kuma dauki kansa a Rasha m (a lokacin Vyborg ya Grand Duchy na Finland a matsayin wani ɓangare na Rasha). Abin lura shi ne cewa shi ya kasance wani Swede da haihuwa, yanzu dauke da wani Finnish m. Saboda haka shi bayyana a musamman alama na Vyborg ƙasar.

A general, da tarihi na Vyborg - a tarihin m yaƙe-yaƙe na ci, da kuma Torkel Knutsson abin tunawa, halitta da Yakubu Arenberg - na farko tunawa, romanticized kuma sulhunta tarihi na yankin.

Yakubu Arenberg (1847-1914) tsara da kuma gina wani yawan gine-gine wadda har yanzu ƙawata birni na uku kasashe makwabta. Irin wannan titunan Vyborg, a matsayin Soviet (tsohon Posesskaya) da kuma sansanin soja (tsohon Catherine), dake a cikin tsakiyar birnin, mafi ban sha'awa ga esteeming halittar shahara m. Dama a su mahada shi ne babban gidan waya ginin. Wannan shi ne na karshe aikin na Arenberg. A nan m da ɗan karkata daga ya saba Renaissance da kuma wahayi zuwa gare ta da kyau na fada Drottinghemskogo kamantu da Petrine Baroque.

A Soviet titi, za ka iya ganin tsohon mazaunin gwamnan Vyborg. A halin yanzu, shi gidaje da City majalisar wakilai na Vyborg gundumar. Gwamna House za a iya daukan wani hallmark na Arenberg. Tausasãwa kwaikwayo na Italian m na XVI karni da aka bayyana a cikin zane na facade. The aikin yana amfani da rustic tiles ginshiki, ionic ginshikan, polutsirkulyarnye windows, fasali da kuma m lissafi Lines. A wannan titi ne mai kyau-tsare gini da tsohon ainihin mutum, kuma idan ka je kadan m, zuwa ga School of titi, da kuma can za ka iya ganin ginin tsohon 'yan mata makaranta, gina ta shahara master.

Finnish lokaci

A Fabrairu juyin juya halin na 1917 da kuma tarzomar events na Oktoba sun tunzura a yi yaƙin basasa da kuma ballewa daga cikin Grand Duchy na Finland. A cikin sabon jihar, Finland, da ja juyin juya halin da aka ci, kuma a cikin ƙasa kafa wata jam'iyyar Republican gwamnati.

Duk sadarwa tare da Tarayyar Soviet sun farfashe. Daidaitan daban-daban daga kasashe da aka maye gurbinsu da mulkin na Finnish yawan jama'a. A Finnish harshen zama a jihar.

Vyborg shi ne na biyu mafi muhimmanci birni a kasar - da kuma yadda al'adu, da kuma matsayin masana'antu da kuma matsayin zamantakewa da siyasa cibiyar. Local m Otto Iivari Meurman ɓullo da shekara arba'in ci gaban shirin, da kuma hada a layi na unguwannin bayan gari. Aiwatar da farantai da aka kaddamar a 1929 a Finland, da kuma gama a 70s a cikin tarayyar Soviet.

A tarihin Vyborg kiyaye shaida cewa kafin ma a fara yaki da yan Nazi Jamus a wasu sosai ban sha'awa gine-gine, hali na functionalist style aka gina. An tsara ta Ragnar Yupyuya cinikayya Sojan Ruwa Academy, Jihar Archives aikin da Uno Ullberg Vyborg Library.

Vyborg Library

A shekarar 2013, bayan kammala m sabuntawa, shi ya bude kofofin ta ga masu karatu Vyborg City Library. Ko'ina cikin duniya shi ne da aka sani a matsayin Vyborg Library. Yana kawai zo a cikin tsarin da kasar mu fice Finnish m. An shigeba, na functionalism, a hade tare da zamani, Aalto tsara da kuma gina ginin gana dukan bukatun gano a cikin gine-gine styles.

A library aka gina shekaru takwas da aka bude a watan Oktoba 1935. A da shi ba lalace a lokacin yakin, amma ba maida su ba kome a cikin postwar shekaru. A sakamakon dampness da kuma sakaci zo da sadarwa disrepair, plaster, ceilings, maras motsi da kuma furniture da aka rasa, gidan ya toshe musamman iska tsarin.

A farko sabuntawa na 50-ies aka za'ayi ba tare da asali zane, don haka da bude daga cikin library a 1961 haifa kadan kama da halittar Alvar Aalto. Na biyu maido da 1994-2013 shekaru. Ta koma ta asali form. The aikin hannu da aka kafa a shekarar 1992 a Finland, da kwamitin da maido da Vyborg Library. duniya m bincike shirin a kan maido da aikin m Alvar Aalto an ci gaba. A Rasha gefen aka kudi daga gwamnatin tarayya kasafin kudin.

Yana da aka mayar da rufi haske - zagaye windows 57 a lebur rufin. Su diamita ne 1.8 m. Aalto lasafta kauri da kuma bevels cylindrical takware haka da cewa da hasken rana refracted a cikinta da kuma nuna. Wannan dabam haske ba cutarwa ga idanu da kuma hana ƙona littattafai.

Sake fara aiki tare da samun iska "sauyin yanayi iko" tsarin. Alvar Aalto tsara shi don haka da cewa kura ba ya motsa a cikin iska. Dumama bututu ya shigar a cikin rufi, a bango saka iska shafts, da kuma karkashin windows shigar iska ci bawuloli.

A lacca dakin wani musamman undulating Ft Irfan rufi aka mayar da.

Don mayar da library, tare da waɗansu 'yan ƙalilan, mun yi amfani da wannan kayayyakin da ake amfani da m kansa.

Shekaru uku na yaki 1939-1944

Daga Nuwamba 1939 zuwa Yuni 20th 1944 a kan ƙasa na Vyborg gundumar sau uku da kuma canja ikon tsarin da jama'ar. All uku soja kamfen ne halin da gwabza kazamin fada da mãsu nauyi jikkata tsakanin fararen hula.

A farko ya zauna a cikin tarihi da sunan "The Winter War". Soviet version ya ce an fara fada Finns, shelling iyakar yankin Soviet manyan bindigogi. Duniya jari hujja al'umma sanar da farkon na ayyukan soji tsokanar na Soviet jihar da kuma Tarayyar Soviet fitar daga cikin League of Nations. Maris 12, 1940 yaki ya ƙare tare da sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Moscow, bisa ga abin da 11% na ƙasar Finland, ciki har da Vyborg, mayar da su cikin tarayyar Soviet. A Finnish gwamnati kan tilas ƙaura ke yankin a kan ƙasa na Finland. A kudade dauki 24 hours: babu daya yana da lokaci zuwa gaske samun tare, duk aure dukiyar da aka bar su da rabo. A musamman shirin annexed ƙasashe suka iskar lugar ta Russia, ya fara aiki masana'antu, al'adu cibiyoyin, da ilimi da kuma kiwon lafiya.

Peacetime ƙare 29 ga watan Agusta, 1941, a lokacin da wani ɓangare na 4th Corps sojojin Finland kaddamar da wani retaliatory tafi, suka ci Vyborg. Rasha sake rasa ta arewa maso yammacin kagara. The sojojin na Ma'aikata 'da kuma manoma' Red Army janye daga birnin. Finnish yawan sun koma zuwa ga mahaifarsa, amma ka zauna a nan ne kawai na shekaru uku.

Yuni 20, 1944, Soviet sojojin sake shiga Vyborg - Rasha ya kama fansa, da kuma Finns sauri kwashe a cikin ciki na kasar.

The shida mataki - a cikin Tarayyar Soviet

Wannan zamani ne dauke su a lokacin rani na 1944 zuwa 1991. Uku yaƙe-yaƙe sun sa mai girma lalacewar birnin. Kafin barin, da Finns mined mafi muhimmanci masana'antu Enterprises da kuma zama gine-gine. Ba kowa ba ne gudanar da kawo karshen. Fiye da 500 da gine-gine da aka hallaka. A cikin Soviet mutane ta kafadu sa da nauyi na maido da birane da tattalin arziki. Vyborg aka hada daga cikin 15 biranen da za su zama na farko kamfani na jihar.

A shekarar 1947 bunkasa ababen more rayuwa shirin Vyborg aka ɓullo. By tsakiyar 50s fara aiki kayan aiki da kuma Shipbuilding shuka, citric acid da sauransu. A wuri na tram sadarwa bas zo, maye gurbinsu lantarki locomotives. Wuraren tarihi kamar da 'Yan Salibiyya castle, fortifications, gadoji da yawa na da gidaje, suka fara mayar. Bude sassaka shakatawa da kuma gidan kayan gargajiya "Mon Repos Park." Yana da aka partially mayar Agogon hasumiyar babban coci.

"Mon Repos Park"

Tverdysh a tsibirin, a arewacin Vyborg, shi ne tarihi, gine-gine da na halitta gidan kayan gargajiya-ajiye "Mon Repos Park." Da farko, waɗannan ƙasashe Czar Bitrus ya ba da a zama Kwamandan Vyborg sansanin soja Stupishin. Ya drained da Marshes, ya gabatar m ƙasar dasa tare da 'ya'yan itatuwa da kuma deciduous. All m masu ma da gudummawar da da haɓaka na Estate.

Cikin shahararrun gine-ginen, painters, sculptors da kuma lambu Masters a daban-daban sau aiki a kan farmstead gine-gine da kuma wuri mai faɗi. Isar da shi a ambaci sunaye kamar Montferrand, Martinelli, Gonzaga, Thomas de Thomon A. Stakenschneider, Mettenleyter, Takanen. A lokacin da shekara uku na 1939-1944 wars mafi yawan Masterpieces aka lalace, cire, ko kuma hallaka. A Soviet sau, da sabuntawa aiki a kan ƙasa na wurin shakatawa maida hankali ne akan wani abu kaɗan. Mafi yawa daga cikin tsira gine-gine amfani ga zaman jama'a nufi ma'aikata - kindergarten, sauran gida, da dai sauransu ...

A halin yanzu shi ne inganta shakatawa. Kowane bazara music bukukuwa na Celtic da kuma jama'a music, akwai wani sabuntawa na haihuwa da kuma gina sabon wurin, tsara don komawa wurin shakatawa da haihuwa look da kuma manufa.

A kwanan nan tarihi na Vyborg

A kwanan nan tarihi na Vyborg aka kidaya daga shekarar 1991 zuwa yanzu lokaci. Duk da cewa wasu daga mu Sahaban ce cewa daga cikin ra'ayi na arewa maso yammacin kan iyakoki na Rasha Federation, Vyborg rasa ta tsohon muhimmancin, mun yi imani da wadannan tunani ne ba daidai ba, kuma cutarwa. Masu garu gari har yanzu kare da kuma wannan yankin, da kuma kasar mu daga mamayewa na dan hanya akida da kuma salon rayuwa. A cikinta ta'allaka ta siyasa da kuma soja muhimmancin. Shi ne mafi muhimmanci na sojan ruwa da kuma barikin soji a kasar.

Modern Vyborg - wannan shi ne wani kyakkyawan, ta zamani, birnin da suke zaune da wani aiki na ruhaniya da kuma kasuwanci rayuwa. Akwai masana'antu, da dama cibiyoyin mafi girma da kuma sakandare makarantu, makarantu, kindergartens, asibitoci da kuma huta gidajensu. Matsaloli tare da jama'a kai an warware godiya zuwa fitowan da sabon sufuri interchanges. Tasowa da yawon shakatawa ga tattalin arziki. A musamman, da tabbatarwa daga Vyborg a gun tudun ya zama wani ɓangare na yawon shakatawa hanyoyi.

alamu na gari

Daga cikin babban alamu na gari, wanda ko da yaushe gaya wa Yanã shiryar da wanda aka nuna a kan tsarabobi ne a 'Yan Salibiyya castle, da Latin wasika da W, da gashi na makamai daga birnin, sanannen Vyborg pretzel, Drakkar, coci Hyacinth, da Hasumiyar St. Olaf, Aljanna da kuma Agogon hasumiya, kazalika da aka ambata a sama abin tunawa ga Marshal Knutsson.

Pretzel, kamar yadda suka faɗa, shi ne ba iri daya ba cewa da zarar ya kawo daukaka da birnin, amma shi ne har yanzu musamman dadi, da kuma yawon bude ido da har yanzu kokarin saya da kuma sayar da shi zuwa ga 'yan uwa.

Game da alama, shi canza hannayensu sau da yawa. A 1710, bayan nasarar Bitrus I, shi ne wani ƙoƙari na ado da ya kama da na wani giwa, amma hali ba kama. A zamani gashi na makamai na Vyborg - bit na inganta version na alama, yarda da mafi Empress Catherine II a 1788. A shi ne uku filayen - blue, rawaya da kuma ja. Su - uku rawanin da wasika W. Dama kuma bar malã'iku biyu. Manyan fuka-fuki na sama hannu da shuni da kuma sansanin soja bango a baya da kuma kare jindadin daga cikin mazaunan duniya zuwa ƙasar wakkala a gare su.