Abin da ke sa polyethylene? Production na polyethylene. Articles na polyethylene

A tarihin kimiyya, wasu binciken faru da hatsari, da kuma rare kayan yau ne sau da yawa a byproduct na wani kwarewa. Quite kwatsam aka gano aniline dyes for yadudduka, wanda ya ba da baya tattalin arziki da fasaha nasara a mabukaci masana'antu. A irin wannan labarin ya faru da polyethylene.

Opening daga cikin kayan

A farko idan na samar da polyethylene faru a 1898. A lokacin da dumi-up na Jamus asalin diamezotana sunadarai Hans von Pehman samu kasa na tube shi ne ba wani bakon aftertaste. A kayan da aka quite m da kuma duba kamar kakin zuma, masanin kimiyya abokan aiki kira shi polimetillinom. Next damar a cikin wannan rukuni na masana kimiyya ba su samun sakamakon da aka kusan manta, ban sha'awa, babu daya fito. Amma duk da haka da ra'ayin sun rataye a cikin iska, bukata a hadin m. Wannan shi ne abin da ya faru, a talatin da m shekaru, polyethylene an sake bude a matsayin bazuwar samfurin wata kasa gwaji.

Birtaniya tsince kuma lashe

Modern polyethylene abu haife a dakin gwaje-gwaje na mallaka Chemical Industries na Ingila. E. Fawcett kuma R. Gibson gudanar da gwaje-gwajen da high da kuma low matsa lamba gas da kuma lura da cewa daya daga cikin nodes art, gwaje-gwajen da aka gudanar a cikinsa, an rufe tare da ba a sani ba waxy abu. Sha'awar gefen sakamako, suka sanya da dama yunkurin samun abu, amma ga wani wadãtar.

Haduwa polymer nasara M. Perrin, wani ma'aikaci na wannan kamfanin a cikin shekaru biyu. Shi ya halicci fasahar cewa kafa tushen ga masana'antu samar da polyethylene. The kaddarorin da kuma ingancin littattafai bambanta kawai da ake ji daban-daban catalysts. A taro na polyethylene samarwa ya fara a shekara ta 1938, kuma an jadadda mallaka a 1936.

raw kayan

Polyethylene - wani m polymer a farin launi. Yana nufin wani aji na Organic mahadi. Abin da ke sa polyethylene? A albarkatun kasa domin shirye-shiryen ne ethylene gas. Gas polymerized a high da kuma low matsa lamba da aka samu a cikin fitarwa feed katsin domin kara amfani. Ga wasu matakai polyethylene aka samar a cikin wani foda siffan.

The main iri

A ranar, da polymer da aka samar a cikin asali biyu maki na LDPE da PNP. Material sanya a wani talakawan matsa lamba na zumunta sabon firtsi, amma a cikin dogon lokaci lamba na sallami samfurin za su yi girma consistently dangane da inganta halaye da fadi da filin na aikace-aikace.

Domin kasuwanci amfani, wadannan iri abu (azuzuwan):

• Low yawa ko wani sunan daban - da high-matsa lamba (HDPE, LDPE).
• High-yawa, ko low matsa lamba (LDPE LDPE).
• Ƙirgar polyethylene, ko polyethylene matsakaici matsa lamba.

Akwai sauran iri polyethylene, kowanne daga abin da na da dũkiyarsu da kuma filin na aikace-aikace. A particulate polymer a samar da tsari suna kara daban-daban colorants taimaka to karbi baki polyethylene, ja, ko wani launi.

Jha

Production na polyethylene ke tsunduma a cikin sinadaran masana'antu. Gas ethylene - asali rabi (na wanda yin polyethylene), amma ba daya kawai ake bukata domin samun littattafai.

Shiri na HDPE auku a autoclaves, tubular nukiliya. LDPE maki kerarre a wani autoclave, bisa ga jihar Standard, akwai takwas. samu ashirin-daya irin high-yawa polyethylene daga tubular reactor.

Domin kira na PVP ake bukata don cika da wadannan yanayi:

• Zazzabi kewayon - daga 200 zuwa 250 ° C.
• Kara kuzari - m oxygen, peroxide (kwayoyin).
• Matsa lamba na 150 to 300 MPa.

Poimerizirovannaya nauyi a lokaci na farko yana da wani ruwa jihar, sa'an nan motsa zuwa ga SEPARATOR, nan da granulator, inda gyaren abu na ƙãre granules.

LDPE ingancin amfani da samar da marufi fina-finai, termoplenok, multilayer marufi. Har ila yau high-yawa polyethylene amfani a cikin mota, da kuma sinadaran abinci masana'antu. Saboda shi ya sa high quality-m bututu amfani a cikin na zama kansu.

Ƙirgar polyethylene

Abin da ke sa a matsakaici-matsa lamba polyethylene ko mikakke polyethylene?

• Dumama zafin jiki har zuwa 120 ° C.
• Mode matsin 4 MPa.
• Stimulator tsari - mai kara kuzari (Ziegler-Natta mai kara kuzari tare da cakuda titanium chloride fili melalloorganicheskim).

A tsari ne tare da hazo polyethylene a cikin nau'i na flakes, wanda aka sa'an nan rabu da tsari bayani, bi da granulation.

Wannan irin polyethylene halin da high yawa, zafi juriya da kuma hawaye. A fanni na aikace-aikace daban-daban iri iri na marufi fina-finai, ciki har da zafi cika kayan / kayayyakin. Na granular kayan na polymer irin kerarre sassa for Fitar manyan inji, insulating kayan, high ƙarfi da sarewa, da mabukaci kaya , da sauransu.

High yawa polyethylene

ANP yana da uku masana'antu hanya. Mafi yawan kamfanonin amfani da hanyar na "dakatar Polymerization". Kan aiwatar da samun EOR auku shafe slurry kuma m agitation na feedstock, da kara kuzari da ake bukata don fara da tsari.

Na biyu mafi kowa Hanyar samar da shi ne wani bayani polymerisation ƙarƙashin rinjayar zafin jiki da kuma kara kuzari hallara. A Hanyar ba sosai m, tun a lokacin Polymerization mai kara kuzari da aka mayar da martani da kuma sakamakonsa na polymer hasarar wasu da halaye.

A karshe na samar da hanyoyi ne PNP gas lokaci Polymerization, shi ne kusan tafi, amma wani lokacin yakan faru a cikin wasu shuke-shuke. A tsari faruwa ta hanyar hadawa da albarkatun kasa gas lokaci a ƙarƙashin rinjayar yadawa. A karshe polymer aka samu tare da wani nonuniform tsarin da yawa, wanda rinjayar ingancin da ƙãre samfurin.

Production na HDPE ya auku a lokacin da wadannan yanayin:

• A zafin jiki ne kiyaye at daga 120 ° C zuwa 150 ° C.
• Matsa lamba kada wuce 2 MPa.
• Polymerization catalysts (Ziegler-Natta mai kara kuzari tare da cakuda titanium chloride fili melalloorganicheskim).

A abu na wannan masana'antu Hanyar ne halin da rigidity, high yawa, low elasticity. Saboda haka, da ikon yinsa, daga cikin aikace-aikace ne masana'antu. Fasaha polyethylene amfani ga samar da manyan-size kwantena tare da high ƙarfi halaye. Bukatar a yi masana'antu, da sinadaran masana'antu, don samar da kayayyakin, ya kusan ba ya tambaya.

Properties

Polyethylene ne resistant zuwa ruwa, to nau'o'in kaushi, acid (Organic, inorganic), ba ya amsa tare da salts. A konewa fitarda wani wari da paraffin, akwai wani haske blue tint, kananan wuta. Bazuwar faruwa a lokacin da fallasa su nitric acid, chlorine da sunadarin flourine a gaseous ko ruwa jihar. Tare tsufa, wanda ya auku a iska, da kayan giciye-links aka kafa tsakanin kwayoyin, sarƙoƙi da yin abu gaggautsa, ya yi fumfuna.

mabukaci ingancin

Polyethylene - na musamman kayan saba a cikin gida da kuma wajen aiki. Abu ne mai wuya cewa talakawan mabukaci za su iya sanin ko da nawa abubuwa fita daga gare ta ya fuskanci kullum. The duniya saki polymers polyethylene daukan zaki ya share na kasuwa - 31% na jimlar} asashensu.

Dangane, wanda aka sanya na polyethylene da samar da fasaha, ta ingancin aka ƙaddara. Wannan abu hadawa wani lokacin tsaurin halaye: sassauci da kuma ƙarfi, ductility da tauri, da karfi tensile da hawaye juriya, da juriya ga m yanayin da nazarin halittu jamiái. A rayuwar yau da kullum da muke amfani da fakitoci daban-daban yawa, yarwa tableware, roba iyakoki, sassa na iyali kayan da more.

aikace-aikace

Aikace-aikace na polyethylene kayayyakin da aka ba iyakance, wani masana'antu ko mutum aiki tare da wadannan hotuna:

• A mafi yadu amfani polymer samu a yi na marufi da kayayyakin. A wannan ɓangare na aikace-aikace wajibi ne game da 35% na raw kayan samar. Irin wannan amfani da aka kubutar gryazeootalkivayuschimi Properties, rashin kariya ga bayyanar naman gwari da kwayoyin. Daya daga cikin sa'a Finds - wani roba hannun riga, wanda yana da fadi da aikace-aikace. By sãɓãwar launukansa da tsawon da hankali, da amfani da aka iyakance ta da nisa daga cikin kunshin kawai.
• Tare da cewa a hankali, daga abin da aka yi polyethylene, ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa shi ya zama mashahuri a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyau insulating kayan. Daya daga ta nemi-bayan halaye a cikin wannan yanki shi ne rashin lantarki watsin. Har ila yau, ba makawa ruwa repellency Properties, wanda aka yi amfani da a samar da waterproofing kayan.
• Resistance zuwa hallakarwa na ruwa kamar yadda sauran ƙarfi, sa, don samar da bututu sanya daga polyethylene ga iyali da kuma masana'antu masu amfani da.
• A yi masana'antu da ingancin sauti rufi na polyethylene amfani, ta low thermal watsin. Wadannan Properties suna da amfani a yi a karkashi kayan for thermal rufi na zama da masana'antu da gine-gine. Polyethylene da ake amfani da fasaha rufi na dumama mains a inji aikin injiniya da kuma sauransu.
• Ba kasa resistant zuwa m kafofin watsa labarai abu na sinadaran masana'antu, polyethylene bututu amfani da sinadaran dakunan gwaje-gwaje da kuma masana'antu.
• A polyethylene amfani a magani kamar yadda dressings,} afar roba wata gabar jiki, da shi da ake amfani a Dentistry, da dai sauransu

Hanyar na aiki

Dangane da yadda da granular albarkatun kasa da aka sarrafa zai dogara ne a kan abin da iri na polyethylene aka samu. Common hanyoyi:

• Extrusion (extrusion). Ana amfani ga yi na bututu, marufi da kuma sauran iri film, takardar abu domin yi da kuma ado, masana'antu igiyoyi, sanya roba tiyo da kuma sauran kayayyakin.
• Gyare-gyaren, thermo-injin kafa tsari. Yafi amfani ga masana'antu marufi kayan, kwalaye da dai sauransu
• Extrusion duka gyare-gyaren, rotational. Ta wannan hanya ne samu volumetric iya aiki, wani babban marufi kwantena.
• Ƙarfafa. Ga wasu fasahar a cikin kafa taro polyethylene aza reinforcing abubuwa (karfe) don samar da wani shiri na kasa ya karu ƙarfi, amma da kasa kudin.

Abin da ke sa polyethylene, kuma babban aka gyara abubuwa? Shi ne m ga aiwatar da kara kuzari da kuma Additives canza Properties, da ingancin na ƙãre abu.

sake amfani

PE juriya - shi ne ya da matsayin mabukaci kaya da kuma ta korau, kamar yadda daya daga cikin manyan da gur dalilai. Don kwanan wata, ya zama muhimmin Juyin - Juyin. All maki na polyethylene za a iya sake yin fa'ida da kuma sake tuba a cikin wani granular albarkatun kasa daga wanda shi ne zai yiwu a yi da yawa nemi-bayan dukiya da kuma masana'antu amfani.

Polyethylene inuwõyi, bags, kwalabe zai decompose a wani landfill ga daruruwan shekaru, da kuma tara tõzarta kashe shi da guba m albarkatun. Duniya yi ya nuna da girma a cikin yawan aiki Enterprises polyethylene. A gaskiya diban shara, irin kamfanonin gudanar da reorganization, niƙa. Saboda haka, akwai hanya saving, kare muhalli da kuma samar da marketable kayayyakin.