Aleksandr Gertsen: biography, da wallafe-wallafen al'adunmu

Rasha tarihi cike yake da devotees wadanda suke shirye su kwanta da ransa domin ya ra'ayin.

Aleksandr Ivanovich Gertsen (1812-1870) shi ne na farko Rasha gurguzu wanda wa'azi da ra'ayoyi da daidaito da kuma 'yan'uwantaka. Kuma ko da yake ya bai riƙi wani kai tsaye sashi a gwagwarmaya, kuma amma ya kasance a cikin waɗanda suka paved hanya domin cin gaban su. Daya daga cikin shugabannin da kasashen Yammaci, ya daga baya ya zama disillusioned da akida na Turai hanya na ci gaba Rasha, ya koma a gaban sansanin, da kuma shi ne ya kafa wani alama a gare mu motsi da tarihi - populism.

Biography Aleksandra Gertsena ne a hankali hade da irin Figures na Rasha da kuma duniya juyin juya halin kamar yadda Ogarev, Belinsky, Proudhon, Garibaldi. A tsawon rayuwar, ya ko da yaushe kokarin samun hanya mafi kyau don kawai domin na al'umma. Amma yana da wani m soyayya domin mutãnensa, ke e kanka ga akida da aka zaba - An abin aikata da girmamawa daga cikin zuriyar Gertsen Aleksandr Ivanovich.

Brief biography da bayyani na babban ayyukansu zai ba da damar da karatu don matsahi na saba da Rasha zurfin tunani. Bayan duk, kawai a cikin memory, za su iya rayuwa har abada da kuma ci gaba da yin tasiri a zukatan.

Gertsen Aleksandr Ivanovich: Biography Rasha zurfin tunani

A. I. Gertsen shi ne shege dan wani arziki mallaki gidaje Ivana Alekseevicha Yakovleva da 'yarsa da hukuma manufacturer, 16-shekara Jamus mace Henriette Haag. Saboda gaskiya cewa hukumance rajista da aure ne ba, karshe dan mahaifinsa ya ƙirƙira. Fassara daga Jamus yana nufin "zuciya yaro".

Na fito nan gaba publicist kuma marubuci a ya kawu ta gidan a kan Tverskoy babban titi (yanzu shi ne da Literary Cibiyar zuwa gare su. Gorky).

Daga farkon shekarun da ya fara mamaye " 'yancin-m mafarki", wanda yake shi ne ba abin mamaki ba - malamin adabi IE Protopopov sanad da dalibi da waqe na Pushkin, Ryleeva Bouchaud. The French Revolution, da ra'ayin da aka a cikin iska kullum horar dakin Alexander. Riga a lokacin Herzen da Ogarev abokai, kuma tare suka hatched wani shirin sake fasalin duniya. Unusually karfi ra'ayi a kan abokai sanya da Decembrist tawaye, bayan da suka kasance ana lit sama a gwagwarmaya da kuma rantse karshen rayuwarsa don kare akida da 'yanci da kuma' yan'uwantaka.

Books na Faransa haske kasance kullum rage cin abinci littafin Alexander - ya karanta mai yawa Voltaire, Beaumarchais, Kotzebue. Ya bai wuce da kuma farkon Jamus Romanticism - ayyukan Goethe da Schiller kafa shi a wani m ruhu.

jami'a da'irar

A 1829, Aleksandr Gertsen sai ya shiga Moscow University of Physics da lissafi Department. Kuma a can ya ba raba da yara aboki Ogarev, wanda nan da nan suka kafa wata da'irar kamar shiryayye mutane. Yana kuma ya hada da wani sananne a nan gaba, wani marubucin da kuma tarihi da kuma fassara V. Passek N. Ketscher. A da tarurruka, mambobi daga cikin da'irar da aka tattauna da ra'ayin Saint-Simonianism, daidaito tsakanin maza da mata, yarjejeniyoyin zaman kansa dukiya - a takaice, sun kasance na farko da socialists a Rasha.

"Malovskaya tarihi"

Ilimi a Jami'ar stale da kuma monotonous. 'Yan malamai don gabatar da dalibai zuwa laccoci da m ra'ayoyi na Jamus falsafa. Herzen nẽmi wata hanya fita daga samar da makamashi ta hanyar halartar jami'a pranks. A 1831 ya na da hannu a cikin abin da ake kira "malovskoy tarihi", wanda ya samu halartar Lermontov. Dalibai fitar daga cikin masu sauraro farfesa laifi dokar. Kamar yadda ya daga baya ya tuna Alexander Malov MJ ya wawa, m da m farfesa. Dalibai a fili raina shi da yi masa dariya a aji. Domin ya escapade 'yan tawayen samu kashe gwada da sauki - muka shafe' yan kwanaki a wata azãba cell.

A farko mahada

Ayyukan m da'irar Herzen da wani m m a cikin yanayi, amma na mallaka Chancellery gan a ĩmãninsu wata barazana ga fadar mulki. A 1834, duk mambobi ne na jam'iyya da aka kama da kuma gudun hijira. Herzen na farko ya bayyana a Perm, sa'an nan ya aka ƙaddara ga bauta, a Vyatka. Akwai ya shirya wani nuni da gida ayyuka, wanda ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa Zhukovsky tambaya da za a canjawa wuri zuwa Vladimir. Akwai Herzen kawar da amarya daga Moscow. Waɗannan kwanaki sun da lightest kuma farin ciki da murna a cikin m rai na marubuci.

A tsaga na Rasha da tunani a cikin Slavophiles da kuma kasashen yammaci

A 1840, Aleksandr Gertsen koma Moscow. A nan, rabo kawo shi zuwa ga wallafe-wallafen na da'irar Belinsky, wanda wa'azi da kuma rayayye engrafted Hegelian ideas. Tare da hankula babbar sha'awa da kuma Rasha intransigence membobin wannan da'irar gane ideas na Jamus Falsafa na rationality na dukan na gaskiya da ɗan daya mai gefe. Duk da haka, Herzen kansa daga Hegel ya yi daidai da m karshe. A sakamakon haka, cikin da'irar da aka raba Slavophiles, shugabannin da suke Kirievsky da hamsters, da kuma kasashen yammaci da suka coalesced kusa Herzen da Ogarev. Duk da musamman bamban ra'ayoyi a nan gaba hanyar Rasha ta ci gaba, da kuma waɗanda suke da sauransu united real kishin tushen ba a kan makãho soyayya na Rasha statehood, da kuma sahihiyar imani da ƙarfi, kuma ikon mutane. Kamar yadda ya rubuta daga baya, Herzen, sun kasance kama da biyu-fuskanci KZ, fuskokinsu da aka juya su a cikin daban-daban kwatance, kuma daya zuciya kidan.

Rushewar akida

Gertsen Aleksandr Ivanovich, wanda biography, kuma haka aka cika da m motsa, rabi na biyu na rayuwa gaba ɗaya ciyar waje Rasha. A 1846, marubucin mahaifin ya mutu, da barin mai girma wasiyya Herzen. Wannan ya ba Alexander Ivanovich dama ga shekaru da dama su yi tafiya a kusa da Turai. The tafiya ya fundamentally canza hanyar tunani da na marubuci. Da 'yan'uwanmu kasashen yammaci suka gigice sa'ad da suka karanta aka buga a mujallar "Notes da Fatherland" Herzen kasida mai taken "Haruffa daga Avenue Marigny», wanda daga baya ya zama da aka sani da "Haruffa daga Faransa da kuma Italiya." Bayyane anti-bourgeois hali na wadanda haruffa shaida da cewa da marubuci ya tãɓe a cikin juyin juya halin Musulunci lamarinsa na Yammacin ideas. Bayan shaida da gazawar da juyin juya hali na sarkar da ta share ta hanyar Turai a cikin shekaru 1848-1849, da ake kira "spring al'ummai", ya fara ci gaba da wani ka'idar "Rasha gurguzanci", wanda ta haifi wani sabon rafi na Rasha falsafa da tunani - populism.

Wani sabon falsafa

A Faransa, Aleksandr Gertsen ya zama m tare da Proudhon, wanda shi ne ya fara buga jaridar "Voice of the People". Bayan da danniya na m 'yan adawa, ya koma Switzerland, sa'an nan zuwa ga Nice, inda ya gana da Garibaldi, sanannen jirgin saman soja ga' yanci da 'yancin kai na Italian mutane. Don wannan lokaci ne da mulkin bazawa na muqala "Daga cikin Sauran baki", wanda ya fayyace sababbin ra'ayoyi, tare da wanda ya dauke Gertsen Aleksandr Ivanovich. Falsafar wata m sake fasalin kudin na zaman jama'a domin ba gamsu da marubuci, Herzen kuma a karshe ya ce ban kwana ga m imani. Tunaninsa ya fara ziyarci azãba a kan tsohon Turai da babban m na Slavic duniya, tilasta yi gurguzu manufa.

A. I. Gertsen - Rasha jarida

Bayan matarsa ta mutuwa, Herzen koma London, inda ya fara buga sanannen jaridar "The Bell". Mafi tasiri jarida dadin a lokacin gabanin na kauda tashe serfdom. Sa'an nan ta zagayawa ya fara sauke, musamman karfi da tasiri a kan da shahararsa ta danniya na Yaren mutanen Poland yunkuri na 1863. A sakamakon haka, ra'ayin Herzen bai sami wani goyan baya daga radicals, kuma masu sassaucin ra'ayi: na farko, sun kasance ma matsakaici, da kuma karshen ne ma m. A 1865, gwamnatin Rasha ta tsayin bukaci Her girman Sarauniyar Ingila, ga editoci na "The Karrarawa" da aka fitar daga kasar. Aleksandr Gertsen da sahabbansa da aka tilasta su matsa zuwa Switzerland.

Herzen mutu daga ciwon huhu, a 1870 a Paris, inda ya isa a kan iyali da al'amura.

wallafe-wallafen al'adunmu

Bibliography Gertsena Aleksandra Ivanovicha yana da wata babbar yawan articles rubuta a Rasha wahalhalunsa da hijirarsa. Amma mafi sani da ya littattafai, musamman, da karshe aikin ransa, "My Past da Zamantakewa". Sam Aleksandr Gertsen, wanda biography ne, wani lokacin yi sawwaƙe zigzags, ya kira wannan aikin ikirari, abin da ya jawo wani iri-iri na "tunani na raɗaɗi." Yana da wani kira na aikin jarida, memoirs, da wallafe-wallafen hotuna da kuma tarihi tarihin. A labari "Wãne ne m?" The marubuci yi aiki na tsawon shekaru shida. Matsaloli na daidaici tsakanin maza da mata a cikin aure dangantakar, ilimi shi yayi a cikin wannan aiki don warware tare da taimakon babban akida na humanism. Har ila yau, ya kamãta da ya alkalami ostrosotsialnye labarin "The Thieving Magpie", "Dr. hatsi", "Tashin hankalin gilashin grog", "rashin nishaɗi" da sauransu.

Babu tabbas ba wani guda ilimi mutum, wanda akalla ba ta tãtsuniyoyi san wanda Aleksandr Gertsen. Brief biography na marubuci samu a cikin Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Brockhaus da kuma Efron, amma ka taba sani ba a cikin abin da wasu kafofin! Duk da haka, shi ne mafi kyau don samun matsahi na saba da marubuci daga littattafai - a cikin cikakken tsawon samun mutuntakarsa.