All-Russian kasuwar. Formation na kasar kasuwar

A 17th karni mafi garabasa da kuma babbar bangaren da aka waje cinikayya. Godiya ta, yankin gabas ta tsakiya ya samar da mafi} arancin kayayyakin: kayan ado, da turare, da kayan yaji, siliki da sauransu. A marmarin da shi duka, kuma a haramta motsa da kafa da kuma kara karfafa ta kansa samar. Wannan shi ne na farko impetus ga ci gaban cinikayyar cikin gida a Turai.

gabatarwar

A ko'ina cikin tsakiyar zamanai akwai wani sauka a hankali karuwa a cikin juz'i na waje cinikayya. By ƙarshen 15th karni, a sakamakon wani yawan Gwargwadon binciken, akwai wani m Jump. A cinikayyar Turai ya zama duniya, da kuma na da zamanin tafi smoothly a cikin tsawon m jari na babban birnin kasar. A lokacin 16-18 karnoni ya karfafa hadin gwiwar tattalin tsakanin wurare da dama da kuma samuwar kasa kasuwa. Duk da haka, shi ne lura da samuwar kasa jihohin Karkasa cikakkar daular mulkinsu. Dukan tattalin arziki siyasa na wadannan kasashe da aka yi niyya ga samuwar kasa kasuwar, ci gaban cikin gida da kuma kasashen waje cinikayya. Babban muhimmanci da aka ma ba su da tabbatarwa daga masana'antu, da aikin gona, sadarwa kayan aikin.

Fara nadawa da kasar kasuwar

By da 18 karni zuwa filin daga janar cinikayya danganta Rasha hankali ya fara shiga sabon yankuna. Alal misali, a tsakiyar kasar da Hagu-Bank Ukraine kayayyakin fara zo da wasu masana'antu kayayyakin (nitrate, gunpowder, gilashin). A lokaci guda, Rasha ya da wani dandali ga marketing na kayayyakin na gida sana'a da kuma masana'antu. kifi ya fara zo daga yankuna na Don, nama, gurasa. Baya daga cikin Tsakiya da kuma Volga gundumomi sun kayayyakinsa, da takalma, yadudduka. Kazakhstan zo dabbõbi, a musayar ga wanda ke makwabtaka da ƙasa kawota burodi da kuma wasu masana'antu kayayyakin.

adalci

Babban tasiri a kan samuwar da duk-Russian kasuwar bayar adalci. The most da kuma wanda ya zama na kasa muhimmanci Makarevskaya. Wadannan kayayyakin da aka kawo daga sassa daban daban na kasar: Vologda, yamma da kuma arewa maso yammacin Smolensk, St. Petersburg, Riga, Moscow da kuma Yaroslavl, Kazan kuma Astrakhan. Daga cikin mafi m ya kamata a kira mai daraja karafa, da baƙin ƙarfe, furs, hatsi, fata, masana'anta da daban-daban dabba da kayayyakin (nama, mai), gishiri da kuma kifi. Abin da aka saya a gaskiya, da halin kaka sai a fadin kasar, kifi da kuma furs - a Moscow, abinci da sabulu - to St. Petersburg, karfe kayayyakin - Astrakhan. Domin a karni da cinikayya adalci aka muhimmanci karu. Saboda haka, a 1720, da shekara shi ne 280 dubu gundumar, da kuma shekaru 21 bayan - .. Shin riga 489.000.

Tare da Makary, tsiwirwirinsu kasa muhimmanci da kuma sauran bikin: Trinity, Orenburg, Gaske Shelar da Mala'iku. Irbit, misali, yana da wani sittin Rasha birane 17 larduna, da aka kafa hulda da Farisa da Asiya ta tsakiya. Svenskaya Fair an hade tare da 37 birane da kuma 21 ga watan lardin. Tare da Moscow, duk wadannan bikin sun bayar da muhimmanci a kawo tare biyu na yanki da kuma gundumar da kuma gida kasuwa a duk-Russian kasuwar.

A halin da ake ciki tattalin arziki a kasashe masu tasowa

Rasha baƙauye, bayan cikakken ta shari'a bautar na farko da aka Duk da haka zamar masa dole ya biya jihar, kazalika da wa ubangidansa, ya rents (halitta, ko tsabar kudi). Amma idan, misali, don kwatanta da tattalin arziki da halin da ake ciki a Rasha da kuma Poland, da Yaren mutanen Poland manoma domin sabis a cikin nau'i na serfdom ƙara tsananta. Saboda haka, a gare su shi ya ƙarshe 5-6 days a mako. Domin da Rasha baƙauye ta kasance 3 days.

Biya wajibai a monetary form nufa da wanzuwar kasuwa. A cikin ciniki bene na baƙauye na yi da damar yin amfani. Formation na kasar kasuwar karfafa gidan haya ya mallaki kuma sayar da gona kayayyakin, kazalika da (kuma babu kasa) da kuma jihar - da samar da kasafin kudi da tsabar kudi receipts.

Development a Rasha tattalin arzikin kasar daga 2nd rabin na 16th karni

A wannan lokacin ya fara samar da manyan yankuna kasuwa. By 17th centenary na karfafa kasuwanci dangantakar da aka za'ayi a kan wani kasa sikelin. "All-Russian Market" - The sakamakon fadada daga cikin sabon ra'ayi na hulda auku tsakanin mutum yankunan. Ko da yake ta bunqasar zuwa babban har ya hana kullum Rasha hanyoyi.

By tsakiyar 17th karni, akwai wasu abubuwan da ake bukata da cewa yin duk-Russian kasuwar fito. Ilminsa, musamman, da gudummawar da zurfafa na zamantakewa rabo na aiki da kuma samar da cikakken yankin specialization, kazalika da zama dole siyasa halin da ake ciki da cewa ya haifar saboda da sake fasalin, wanda aka nufin samar da wani guda jihar.

Babban shopping yanki na kasar

Daga cikin 2nd rabin na 16th karni da aka kafa, kuma Ya ƙarfafã wannan key yankin kasuwanni kamar Volga yankin (Vologda, Kazan, Yaroslavl - dabbobi kayayyakin), Arewa (Vologda - babban hatsi kasuwar, Irbit, Solvychegodsk - Jawo), North-West ( Novgorod - sayar da hemp da lilin kayayyakin), Center (Tikhvin, Tula - da sayar da karfe kayayyakin). Amma babban duniya ciniki bene a lokacin da aka Moscow. A da shi, akwai game da mutum ɗari da ashirin qware jerin, inda za ka iya saya ulu da zane, siliki da kuma Jawo, da mai da kuma burodi, da ruwan inabi, da karfe kayayyakin, duka biyu cikin gida da kuma kasashen waje samarwa.

Authority na gwamnatin

All-Russian kasuwar, wanda ya tashi a matsayin sakamako na sake fasalin gudummawar ƙãra harkokin kasuwanci da himma. Kamar yadda ya zuwa yanzu a matsayin jama'a sani, a matakin ideas akwai 'yancin kowane mutum da abubuwan da yanci. A hankali, da tattalin arziki da halin da ake ciki a wannan zamanin na m jari na birnin ya kai ga 'yanci na sha'anin biyu a fannonin cinikayya da kuma a sauran masana'antu.

A fagen ayyukan noma aka hankali maye gurbin mulkin gargajiya gwamnati shawara su canza ƙasar amfani da aikin noma. A gwamnati na inganta da samuwar kasa masana'antu cewa rinjayi, bi da bi, don ci gaban da kasar kasuwar. Bugu da kari, a jihar patronized gabatarwar noma, mafi m fiye da shi ne a baya.

A filin na waje cinikayya gwamnati neman saya mazauna da kuma gudanar da manufar kariyar. Saboda haka, duk da cewa a baya halayyar ga mutum ciniki birane, ya zama yanzu siyasa da tattalin arziki shugabanci na jihar a matsayin dukan.

ƙarshe

Babban siffa daga cikin tsawon m jari na babban birnin kasar da aka dauke su fitowan da kayayyaki-kudi dangantakar da kasuwar tattalin arzikin. Duk wannan ya bar musamman lamba a kan dukkan duniyoyin da zamantakewa da rayuwa na zamani. Duk da haka, shi ya da ɗan rigima zamanin, a gaskiya, kazalika da sauran lokaci na mika mulki, a lokacin da akwai wani gwagwarmaya tsakanin mulkin gargajiya iko da tattalin arziki, al'umma, da siyasa, ruhaniya mutum bukatun da sabon yayi na bourgeois yanci, saboda da fadada cinikayya Sikeli, wanda taimakawa wajen kawar da yankin warewa da kuma gazawar da mulkin gargajiya kadarori.