Ukraine ta jihar na'ura. Jihar tsarin da kuma tsarin siyasa na Ukraine

Ukraine - wani sarki jihar. Yana yana da kansa ƙasa, mafi girma da kuma gida gudanarwa, gwamnatin, gashi na makamai, da kuma tutar take. Jihar Ukraine na'urar yana da wani branched tsarin da rabo daga cikin daban-daban rassan da daidai doka ajiyar mulkin demokra nagartacce.

samun ikon mallaka

A watan Yuli 1990 Verkhovna Rada (Ukrainian majalisar dokokin kasar) soma da "jawabi a Jihar mulki." Wannan daftarin aiki ya bude wani sabon shafi na a cikin tarihin kasar, wadda take kaiwa zuwa cikin ginin a mulkin demokra] jihar dangane da bin doka da oda.

Bisa ga jawabi, da jama'a amfani ne izini don bayyana Verkhovna Rada. Babu jam'iyyun, kungiyoyi ko mutane (sai dai ga shugaban kasa, da kuma cewa a kan wasu batutuwa) da aka ba taken yin haka. The daftarin aiki ya tsayar da ikon da kundin tsarin mulki a cikin ƙasa da iko, wakiltar da hulda da rassan da iko, bisa ga jihar iyaka (Ukraine iyakokin a lokacin da kasashe bakwai), ƙungiyoyin hakkoki da abubuwan da sauran batutuwa.

Daga mai majalisar jumhuriya zuwa shugaban kasa

A hanyar da Ukraine ya kan tallafi na jawabi kafin tallafi na jihar tsarin mulki, wani jinkirin da hadaddun. Wannan ne sauƙi bayyana a babban canje-canje a cikin rayuwar siyasa da tattalin arziki.

A watan Yuli 1996, jihar ikon naúrar canza. A Verkhovna Rada soma da sabon kundin tsarin mulki na Ukraine. A cewar ta, Ukraine yanzu - a majalisar jumhuriya da shugaban gwamnatin. Shugaban aka zabe kowane shekaru biyar. Ya - da shugaban kasa, a cikin wannan harka ba zai iya bauta wa fiye da biyu.

shugabannin:

• Kravchuk Leonid Makarovich (05.12.1991 - 19.07.1994).
• Kuchma Leonid Danilovich (19.07.1994 - 23.01.2005).
• Yuschenko Viktor Andreevich (23.01.2005 - 25.02.2010).
• Yanukovych Viktor Fedorovich (25.02.2010 - 22.02.2014).
• Poroshenko Petr Alekseevich (c 06.07.2014).

controls

Nau'in na gwamnati a Ukraine cika da kullum yarda da mulkin demokra nagartacce. A totality of gwamnatin kasu kashi uku rassan daidaita darajar:

• doka.
• zartarwa.
• kotu.

Verkhovna Rada - da mafi Ukrainian majalisar dokoki. Shin wani unicameral majalisar dokokin kasar, inda shugaban majalisar Mataimakin Shugaban kasa. The ayyuka na Verkhovna Rada - lawmaking da hankali iko na gwamnatin. Zaben 'yan Majalisar da aka gudanar a kowace shekara 4. Suna da za'ayi da m takardar za ~ en. Duk 'yan ƙasa shekaru 18 da mazan da' yancin kada kuri'a.

Executive tsarin karkashin jagorancin shugaban kasar, ƙaddamar da gwamnatin a karkashin Fira Ministan kasar da kuma yankin hukumomi. By zartarwa gawarwakin hada da ma'aikatun, hukumomin tsaro, sojojin da kuma sauran ayyuka.

Tsarin mulki na Ukraine - babban dokar kasar. Ya tabbatar da wasu hakkoki da abubuwan da yanci na Ukrainian 'yan ƙasa da kuma sanin aikinsu. A sashen shari'a yana da yancin cin gashin kansu yanke hukunci. A yi, kasashen da tsaka-tsakin lokacin yana da wuya gaba daya ya ware daga zartaswa da wakilan majalisu. Overriding dalĩli - da kotun tsarin.

Nau'i na gwamnati

A duniya akwai da wadannan iri gwamnati:

• unitary (guda).
• tare da wani hadadden tsari na na'urar (tarayyar, Zakarun Nahiyoyi).

Unitary - jihar da ƙasa kasu daidai administrative raka'a (yankuna, larduna, gundumomi, da dai sauransu ...), na karkashin cibiyar.

Federation - shi ne wani hadadden tarayya jihar hada da administrative raka'a (jamhuriyoyin, Zhicheng, jihohi, ƙasar, da dai sauransu ...), Wanne da wasu doka yancin kai.

Filaye da samuwar wani tarayya a jihar da kuma bunqasar na tarayya dangantakar iya zama cikin kundin tsarin mulki da kuma (ko) tarayya yarjejeniya. Bisa kai tsaye kwangila bayyana, misali, da Federation of Australia, Switzerland, Amurka, Tarayyar Soviet, da Malaysia, da Rasha da kuma sauran kasashe. Su suna fiye kira su da alkawari, da bambanci ga wadanda ba contractual, kamar, misali, Canada, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, ya haifar a kan tushen da tsakiyar gabobin na jihar ko Metropolitan cin gashin zuwa nan gaba na Tarayya.

Confederation - ƙungiyar na wucin gadi: shi dai karya saukar ko canza kama zuwa wani tarayya jihar. Alal misali, akwai a yanzu Switzerland a matsayin tarayya jihar, yayin da shi riƙe da sunan "Confederation". Confederation tashi domin daban-daban dalilai da a daban-daban sau a Amurka, Jamus, da Netherlands.

A Ukraine, an dauke (kuma dauke), iri daban-daban na gwamnati, mafi dace domin m gwamnati. A lokacin, mukaddashin unitary tsarin.

Ukrainian parliamentarism

Mutane daya-daya da wani ɓaɓɓake daga cikin Ukrainian majalisar dokokin kasar kan ta tarihi sun rare majalisar na Kievan Rus, da Sejm na Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuanian jihar, da Cossack Hetman murna sau, kuma daga baya - da mafi majalisu jiki na Austro-Hungarian, sa'an nan da Rasha Empire, da Ukrainian SSR na Tarayyar Soviet.

Halittar Ukraine a matsayin wata jiha shi yiwuwa ba tare da samuwar majalisar a cikin ni'imar da wani istinbadi, wakilai dalĩli management kamfanin, wanda a mafi yawan kasashen. A saboda abin da na farkon na majalisar yi a cikin 'yan tarihi ya da halittar kuma da aiki cikin watan Maris 1917 - A Afrilu 1918 Ukrainian Tsakiya Rada - wani irin kasa proto-majalisar dokokin kasar, wanda ya wuce juyin hanyar zamantakewa da siyasa jam'iyya ga "zartarwa" dalĩli daga cikin Ukrainian mutane.

Ana zargin majalisar da ayyukan da aka mai ma'ana mataki don inganta Ukrainian mutane a kan hanya zuwa kasa 'yancin kai a cikin karni na ashirin. Wannan ne tarihin al'adu na Ukrainian Tsakiya Rada ci gaba a zamani yanayi na Verkhovna Rada da Ukraine.

Tare da majalisar, wakiltar bukatun masu rinjaye da kuma na shugaban Ukraine.

Ma'aikatar

Jihar Ukraine na'urar administratively yana mai bayyana tsarin. A lokacin da gwamnati da shugaban na zama shugaban kasa ya kamata, izini da wani rinjaye na masu jefa kuri'a su mallaki.

Mataki kasa dake da ma'aikatun alhakin mafi muhimmanci yayi a duk duniyoyin da ayyukan: tattalin arziki, da tsaro, kiwon lafiya, al'adu, ministan cikin gidan kasar, yankin raya kasa, noma da manufofin, da lafiyar qasa, makamashi, harkokin waje, bayanai, da matasa da kuma wasanni, kayayyakin more rayuwa, ilimi da kimiyya, da adalci, finance, zamantakewa da manufofin, majalisar ministocin.

A tsarin da ma'aikatar amince da Ministan, da kuma wasu tsakiyar jikin - kawunansu. A abun da ke ciki na tsakiyar jikin na zartarwa da aka amince da shawara tare da Fira Ministan kasar Ukraine, na farko, mataimakin firayim ministan kasar, mataimakin firayim ministan kasar daidai da rarraba su aikin iko.

Shugaban gwamnatin zama Firayim Ministan zabi da shugaban kasa, amma kyakkyawan Rada wakilai, ce. Ba kamar wasu sansanin (Jamus, Japan, da Ingila, Italiya da sauransu), da firaministan kasar Ukraine bai mallaki cikar na yanke shawara. Ya rahoton da shugaban kasar.

List of firaministan kasar da kuma mukaddashin:

• Witold Fokin (1990-1992).
• Valentin Simonenko (1992);
• Leonid Kuchma (1992-1993).
• Yefim Zviagilskiy (1993-1994).
• Damban ne Vitaly Masol (1994-1995).
• Evgeniy Marchuk (1995-1996).
• Pavlo Lazarenko (1996-1997).
• Basil Durdinets (1997);
• Valery Pustovojtenko (1997-1999).
• Viktor Yushchenko (1999-2001).
• Anatoly Kinakh (2001-2002).
• Viktor Yanukovych (2004-2005, 2006-2007).
• Nicholas Azarov (2005, 2010-2014).
• Yulia Tymoshenko (2005, 2007-2010).
• Yuriy Yekhanurov (2005-2006).
• Sergey Arbuzov (2014);
• Arseniy Yatsenyuk (2014).

administrative division

Features na jihar tsarin na Ukraine an nuna a cikin ta administrative division. Ga wani matashi kasar halitta "ji na" mafi kyau duka nau'i na hulda tsakanin mutane na yankuna daban-daban. A halin da ake ciki a kusa da Crimea da Donbas kawai ya tabbatar da cewa yana daukan lokaci da kuma, yiwu, wasu sauye-sauye domin gina wani monolithic administrative tsarin cewa daukan la'akari da bukatun kowane sako na al'umma.

A Jamhuriyar ne zuwa kashi yankuna, wanda iyaka da Tarayyar Soviet, kusan ba ya canja - a total na 24 yankunan, bi da bi, suna subdivided cikin 490 gundumomi. 176 manyan birane da matsayi na musamman - yankin (Republican) umurnin da kuma yadda gundumomi ne yankin abokai na biyu matakin. A cikin uku mataki - mafi kusa ga mutane - su ne gida majalisarku, birni, da kuma kauye. Kiev ne babban birnin yankin.

Halaye na jihar

A jihar tsarin na Ukraine ya hada da wani tsarin mulki irin na gwamnati, administrative-yankin tsari da kuma siyasa tsarin mulki. A karshe aya ne a tsarin na wajen da kuma hanyoyin da jihar ikon, shi ne halin da matakin na da tabbacin yancin] an.

Mataki na ashirin da lambar 1 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya positioned Ukraine a matsayin mulkin demokra jihar. The daftarin aiki ya tsayar da ka'idodin mutane da Ya so, da rabuwa da masu iko, siyasa, tattalin arziki da kuma akida bambancin, alhakin da mutum, da kuma kama.

dimokuradiyya

Ukraine unitary jihar professes ka'idojin dimokuradiyya, wanda yana da za'ayi kai tsaye ta hanyar bayyana hukumomin da kuma} ananan hukumomi, tare da hukumomi. Kotun tsarin a 26.03.2002 furtawa cewa "karamar hukumar ya kamata a gani a matsayin wani nau'i na mutane ikon."

A bayyanuwar kai tsaye dimokuradiyya ne zaben, kasa, da na gida kuri'ar raba gardama, m tunanin, jama'a saurarenta da kuma kama. A cikin hali na mutane ikon fadin jihar kafa gabobin da m misali.

A jihar na'ura kamata rarrabe tsakanin firamare da sakandare jikin misali na mutane. Jama'a jikuna an kafa ta farko wakilin na zabi, da taimakon wanda ikon da aka wakilta Jihar kai tsaye da mutane. A kasar suna cikin Verkhovna Rada (VR) da shugaban Ukraine.

A jihar jikinsu, wanda aka kafa ta BP da kuma shugaba, suna gawawwakin sakandare, kaikaitaccen misali. A amfani kai tsaye dimokuradiyya ne da fāɗin jawo mutane zuwa harkokin jama'a. A abũbuwan amfãni daga aiki na wakilin gawarwakin ne cewa su ne m, aiki a kan wani kwararren akai.

jihar Mulki

Unitary jihar Ukraine - wani sarki da kuma 'yanci. Mulki da aka kira da mulkin jihar zaben hukumomi a kasar da kuma a zahiri shine 'yancin kai daga waje sojojin (ƙasashe, ƙungiyoyi, da kungiyoyi, da sauransu. D.).

Mulki ne zuwa kashi ciki da kuma na waje. A zamani da yanayi na farko kayyade ta kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da kuma na biyu da damuwa da yanayin dangantakar da ke tsakanin kasashe daban-daban, shan la'akari da ka'idojin da suka shafi kasa da kasa da dokar. Mulki ne ba kawai da dukiya na jihar, da kuma musamman jama'a hukumomi. Shi ne sama jam'iyyar, addini, kudi - babu wanda zai iya shibta ta nufinsa. A cikin kasar da mulki da aka iyakance kawai ta asali hakkin dan Adam.

Halittar Ukraine a matsayin wata jiha ya yiwuwa ba tare da waje Mulki. Ya tana nufin zuwa ga waɗanda iyakoki a cikin wanda hankula halin yanzu yanayi babbar hanyar hadewa matakai ya kamata faru.

A zuciya na jihar yancin kai na Ukraine ne abin da ake kira da mulkin mutane. Shi ne da mutane, akasarinsu ta hanyar free zaben legitimizes jihar iko. Domin shi ne tushen na yawan jama'ar, to dole ne kuma iko. Mutane ikon mallaka na ne nuna ta hanyar wani zabe wakilin jiki da kuma kai tsaye zuwa gida mutane ta hanyar gudanar da zabe, jama'a tattaunawa raba gardama. Saboda haka da ikon mallaka a zahiri ya yi daidai da jama'a a mulkin demokra] iyya.

Yarda da bin doka da oda

Don shari'a Jihar Ukraine, da kuma irin wannan shi ne, da hukumomin kamata tabbatar da yarda da doka da dokokinta a dukkan matakai: daga cikin mafi girman hukumar da ke mulki a kowane dan kasa. Legal domin - a shari'a yanayin domin, kungiyar da kuma tsari na dangantaka da jama'a. A wannan damar, ya:

• Shi ne mai iko antithesis sau da kafa, hargitsi, da disorganization, rashin tabbas da kuma rashin zaman lafiya na dangantaka a tsakanin mutane;
• doka wajen hana yiwu ba bisa doka ba ayyukan aikata by jihar da kuma ta hukuma zuwa ga jama'a, kazalika da mutum daya a dangane da wani.

Tare da weakening na da ikon, da girma da zanga-zanga moods a 2013-2014 jihar tsarin na Ukraine ya yi barazana. Bin doka da oda ne cewa doka model, wanda ya kira da matsayi na batutuwa na zamantakewa gami, da yanayi, da dangantakar dake tsakanin halitta da shari'a mutane, kazalika da hanyoyin, dabaru, rikici ƙuduri hanyoyin.

A wani yankin akai (fannin yaduwar) ko sikelin da bin doka da oda iya rarrabe tsakanin:

• jihar (kasa) a general.
• m abokai (batutuwa na tarayya, m jama'a abokai).
• administrative-yankin raka'a - garuruwa, gundumomi, yankuna, da dai sauransu

Dangane da tasirin da dokar, ta tsarin sassa a kan samuwar da bin doka da oda, za mu iya yin wani general, aluma, musamman ko hukumomi domin. Total bayyana da ayyuka a sakamakon da aiwatar da dukan shari'a da tsarin. By girma, wannan aji ne a zahiri guda kamar yadda doka a kan wani yankin akai. Industry sanya a kan tushen da norms takamaiman reshe na dokar (tsarin mulki, kudi, ƙungiyoyin hanya, da sauransu.). Special (hukumomi) taso kan aiwatar da dama na mutum cibiyoyin.

kotunan

A bangaren shari'a - da uku tsarin gwamnati a Ukraine. An gane ta wajen musamman jihar gawarwakin - kotuna. A kasar ta kafa wata uku-bene tsarin, a saman da kotun tsarin ya kamata. Ya kasance a cajin - da bayani na duniya al'amurran da suka shafi shafi kafuwar dukan iko - Kundin Tsarin Mulki.

Practical al'amurran da suka shafi (zamantakewa, tattalin arziki) ajiye general kuma sulhu kotuna, bi da bi. Saboda haka, nau'i na gwamnatin Ukraine daukan kan daidaita tsarin da aka adalci da Rada (majalisa), shugaban kasar (Wakilin Executive System) da kuma kotun tsarin (as cikin mafi girman irin buɗi na tsarin shari'a).

MIA

Legal domin - shi ne ainihin shari'a matsayi na oda, shiri, kungiyar na dangantaka da jama'a, saboda abin da ainihin aiwatar da dokar, su rungumi a rayuwa. A ra'ayi na gwamnatin ne rabuwa daga manufar da "karfi" doka dalĩli. Domin ta goyon baya da kuma aiwatar a Ukraine halitta ma'aikatar cikin gida.

Da farko, ma'aikatar harkokin na Ukraine ya kasu kashi qware sabis:

• Jama'a 'yan sanda.
• Laifi da 'yan sanda.
• Gai.
• SSS.
• Daban-daban musamman sojojin.

garambawul

A garambawul a 2014 muhimmanci canja da tsarin da ma'aikatar harkokin. Da farko, maimakon 'yan sanda da aka amince da shugaban kasar a kan 08.04.2015, National' yan sanda. Yana shirya cire daga kai Tsarin, 'yan sanda da kuma dabbobi GUBOP. Tun shekara ta 2016 da aiki na gai "ba" ya halicci wani lantarki tsarin tsara don maye gurbin "live" zirga-zirga da 'yan sanda. 16/09/2015 soke yankin Interior ma'aikatar. Karshen garambawul a shekara ta 2017. Hakika, da jiha da kuma tsarin siyasa ba za ta canza, amma sauyin lokaci zai iya shafar laifi halin da ake ciki.

An shirya cewa sabon tsarin da ma'aikatar cikin gida karshe daukan wadannan nau'i:

• Laifi da 'yan sanda.
• Musamman 'yan sanda.
• 'Yan sanda kariya.
• Lambar akwatin gidan waya da kuma Sadarwa.
• Sintiri da 'yan sanda.
• A jikin pre-fitina da bincike.
• 'Yan sanda aiki.
• Sashen fataucin miyagun kwayoyi.
• Tattalin arziki da 'yan sanda.

teething matsaloli

Akwai daban-daban na gwamnati. Ukraine ya zaba cikin unitary nau'i na hulda da administrative abokai. A halin da ake ciki a kusa da Crimea da Donbas, magana na bayar da karin iko ga yankuna, har da federalization sa kafin 'yan majalisar, da siyasa, masana kimiyya da kuma jama'a tambayoyi, sauki amsoshi ne ba.

Kan aiwatar da samar da wani sabon mulkin demokra jihar hadaddun. Amma a cikin wani gajeren lokaci na wani sabon tsarin na gwamnatin da aka kafa, na kasa sojoji, tsaro da sabis, 'yan sanda.