American shirin "Apollo". Yaya mutane da yawa sun yi tafiya a kan watã?

XX karni - zamanin da mutum nasara a cikin sarari. Ta mafi girma nasara da aka manned flights cikin sarari guda, da wani mutum daga cikin wani injin, da kuma ci gaban da Duniya ta tauraron dan adam - da Moon. A paradox ta'allaka ne da cewa mutane suka fara manta da gudunmawar sanya ta American shirin "Apollo" (1969-1972), da barin wani mutum zuwa motsawa bayan namu duniya, kuma a yau sosai 'yan mutane za su iya amsa wannan tambaya na yadda mutane da yawa sun yi tafiya a kan wata.

A yanke shawarar canza duniya

Wannan shekara kiwon 55 shekaru tun da tarihi sanarwa da shugaban kasar Dzhona Kennedi a farkon na aikin karkashin sunan "Apollo". Yana da ya kasance jawãbin zuwa Yuriya Gagarina jirgin da rinjaye fada bayan Amurka a sarari bincike. Lunar aikin da aka ba kawai yin wani ingantaccen tsalle, bikin kimiyya da fasaha ƙarfi daga cikin kasar, amma kuma janye hankali mutane daga mutane suke so yaki a Vietnam. Akwai shirin gaskiya shaida cewa Kennedy bayan nazarin harkokin kudi da kimiyya al'amurran da tambaya da shawarar NS Khrushchev gama kokarin da kasashen biyu ga aiwatar da Lunar expeditions, kokarin haifar da wani "sarari gada" tsakanin biyu superpowers, amma aka ki.

A yau mun san cewa shirin kudin Amurka $ 26 biliyan. Wannan shi ne sau 10 fiye da kudin da halittar atomic bam. Amma Kennedy har yanzu sanya wani muhimmin yanke shawara, da gaskatashi, da marasa iyaka yiwuwa na mutumin, suka shiga sunansa a cikin tarihi na sarari ci gaba. Amsawa ga wata tambaya game da yadda mutane da yawa sun yi tafiya a kan wata, ya kamata mu tuna cewa shi ya kai kewayewa 24 matukan jirgin, amma kawai 12 gudanar ya bar su da alãmarsu a kan bãyan tẽkun. Kuma kafin na farko nasara jefa kasance hudu pilot, a shirye-shiryen da uku 'yan saman jannati wanda ya mutu a watan Janairu 1967.

A farko ƙungiya

"Apollo 11" shi ne kumbon sama jannati, tsĩrar da Lunar surface farko nasara balaguro. Ya fara 16.07.1969, aka nuna a talabijin a cikin wani live watsa shirye-shirye. A farko kwanaki, yayin da jirgin ya madawwama biyu a kusa da Earth, ci gaba kullum video feed, na nuna high tsammanin hade da wannan ƙungiya. Kyaftin Neil Armstrong, babban matukin Maykl Kollinz, Lunar module matukin Edwin Aldrin - gogaggen matukan jirgin, sun kasance a sarari a cikin "Gemini" jiragen ruwa, a rana ta huɗu kai Lunar madawwama biyu bayan da uku-mataki engine.

Kashegari biyu na su koma cikin Lunar module da kuma bayan kunna ta da kuma tsarin undocking shiga kewayewa raguwa. A fasalin da wannan balaguro shi ne cewa bayan saukowa injuna da matukin jirgi gudanar da kasa da a koyaushe a cikin dakika zuwa wani mawuyacin matakin na man fetur amfani. Neil Armstrong shine na farko earthling da suka karbi izni je da watã. Ya aka bi da Edwin (88-shekara canza sunanta zuwa Buzz Aldrin), ci gaba a kan watã mai addini sacrament.

Samun surface wani wuri a cikin awa 2.5 (sauran lokaci da aka gudanar a cikin module), da ƙungiya daga dutse samfurori taru, kuma Ya sanya wani video photographing, 24 Yuli amince koma zuwa ga gida duniyar tamu, saukowa a ba square.

Wahayi zuwa gare ta samu nasara

A farko ƙungiya koma zuwa Amurka na heroes, da kuma riga Nuwamba 14 da kaddamar da "Apollo-12" karkashin iko da wani gogaggen xan sama jannatin, sanya biyu sarari jirgin a kan da "Gemini" (1965, 1966). Rami Konrad tare da abokansa (Alan Bean da kuma Richard Gordon) a lokacin kaddamar da fuskantar mahaukaci yanayi hade da biyu walƙiya buga. A ta idãnun waɗanda ba a farkon shugaban kasar Nixon lantarki kona kawo saukar da wani yawan na'urori masu auna sigina, haddasa wata kashewa na man fetur cell. Crew maza maza su gyara halin da ake ciki.

Conrad da Bean da suke ciyarwa a kan Lunar surface na kwana biyu (aiki amfanin ƙasa ya awa 3.5). A saukowa site suka tsayar da girgije daga turɓãya, kuma sun iya samun zuwa "Surveyor-3", yin wani gagarumin taimako ga ci gaban kimiyya. Saboda matsaloli da kamarar bidiyo ba zai iya yi live video kai tsaye daga ƙungiya saukowa site.

Kunshe a cikin jerin mutanen da suka ziyarci Moon

United States a cikin tsarin na "Apollo" shirin da aka aiko zuwa ga Duniya 9 expeditions tauraron dan adam. Don kasa a kan wata 'yan saman jannati gudanar shida crews. Su duk sun kunshi mutane uku, biyu daga wanda aka transplanted cikin Lunar koyaushe. Bayan da gazawar na Afrilu, 1970, game da wani ya faru a kan jirgin cikin "Apollo 13", ya kasa cika ta da ayyuka, wadannan wata nasara balaguro ya faru a watan Fabrairu na '71. Alan Shepard da Edgar Mitchell (af, suka yi da za a crewed 13th "Apollo"), ba kawai gudanar da za su gudanar na girgizar kasa gwaje-gwajen, amma sau biyu je cikin matsanancin sarari.

Domin kwanaki uku dare da rana ciyar a kan Duniya ta surface na tauraron dan adam Devid Skott da Dzheyms Irvin, mahalarta na gaba balaguro (Yuli 1971), da kuma Dzhon Yang da kuma Charlz Dyuk (Afrilu 1972), sanya dogon tafiya zuwa Lunokhod. The ƙungiya daga "Apollo 17" kawo ƙarshen da aiwatar da Lunar shirin. Yudzhin Sernan kuma Harrison Schmitt sanya karshe jirgin a watan Disamba 1972, tare da Cernan gudanar ban kwana ga Lunar gona yi rubutun garaje baqaqen 'yar. Ga shi, shi ne na biyu jirgin da tauraron dan adam a duniya, kazalika da mafi in uku na comrades. Amma ya amsa tambaya na yadda mutane da yawa sun yi tafiya a kan wata, ya kamata a lura da cewa kawai sau daya a kowace daya daga cikinsu shãfe Lunar surface.

Gamawa na shirin "Apollo"

Yau da ƙaddamar kushin (Cape Canaveral), na ga Amurka Air Force, shi ne a kufai. Duk da sa ran ci gaba da kaddamar da "Apollo", babu wani daga cikin uku m farawa da aka ba a aiwatar. Babban dalilin - wata babbar kudin, ba kawo wani sabon nasara a sarari bincike. 12 haruffa, karya daga cikin kusa-Duniya sarari, da rai da tara hagu. Su rai yayi kama da rai na Hollywood taurari. Dukan su zarar bar NASA, kusan manta da 'yan'uwanmu' yan ƙasa. Abin mamaki, mahalarta na farko jirgin samu mafi girma Amurka lambar yabo (na majalisa mindar zinariya ta), kawai ta arba'in da ranar tunawa da farkon.

A cikin tambaya na yadda mutane da yawa sun yi tafiya a kan wata, da yawa a yau ce: "ba." Sũ ne waɗanda suka raba da "hadin kai ka'idar", abin da ya bayyana tare da wani haske hannun marubuci Bill casing, sun tambaye gaskiyar jirgin zuwa ga watã. Kare daraja, 72-shekara Buzz Aldrin a cikakke tsufa na fili mari a fuskar da 'yar jarida, ya bayyana shakku. A shekara ta 2009, Amurka bayar da jama'a tare da tauraron dan adam images gaskatãwa burbushi na 'yan saman jannati zuwa Duniya ta surface na tauraron dan adam.

Gamawa na shirin da kuma rashin hadin kai a cikin wannan shugabanci biyu sarari iko ne sosai bakin ciki, domin shi ne iya aiki a matsayin wata gada a cikin hanyar nan gaba manufa ga Mars.