Angiosperms: misalai. flowering shuke-shuke

Group angiosperms kafa a kan miliyan 125. Shekaru da suka wuce. Kuma har yanzu, akwai jayayya game da takamaiman lokacin (zamanin) na abin da ya faru. Wasu kira da Cretaceous lokaci, wasu magana da wani a baya mataki, na uku da'awar a baya.

Babu shakka, abu daya ya rage: wannan category na shuke-shuke sun shagaltar da wani rinjaye matsayi da kuma zaunar daidai a duk guda na duniya, daga wurare masu zafi da ruwan sama gandun daji da kuma kawo karshen tare da zafi da kuma garin kankara hamadar Afirka da kuma Arctic.

Mene ne su, angiosperms? Misalai, halaye da kaddarorin taxon rarrabuwa tattauna a kasa.

Angiosperms: wani janar Siffar

The sunan wakilan wannan kungiya samu na da ikon riƙe da tsaba taushi ko wuya kyallen takarda da tayin. Bayan duk, da wuri daga cikin flower, wanda shine hallmark na wani taxon kafa da dama siffofi da kuma masu girma dabam, launi da kuma sinadirai masu darajar tsarin. Su kira 'ya'yan itãcen marmari.

A shuka kanta - shi ne mai gudun hijira, da barin ƙasar tushen tsarin da kuma yana da wata flower, kara da ganye. Haihuwa sashin jiki, characterizing tsarin da kuma damar zuwa daidaita zuwa wani mazauninsu kuma cinye sabon yankuna ga mazauna - wannan ne flower.

More m tsarin, abin da ya bayyana a lokacin juyin halitta daga cikin siffofin da kuma kayan aikin da damar wakilan kau da gymnosperms, mosses da fern. Yau, mu duniya ta Flora aka mamaye kyau, mai haske, da dama rayuwa Forms angiosperms. Misalai daga wadannan zai iya haifar da wani sosai dogon lokaci, saboda kawai daya haihuwa ne fiye da 13 da dubu. A takaice za mu iya ce da wannan: duk da shuke-shuke da flower - shi angiosperms.

A overall tsarin da shirin

Babban gabobin cewa yana da kowane memba na kungiyar - wadanda suke ga kowa da kowa mafi girma shuke-shuke: tushen, kara, ganye. Ƙarin tsarin tabbatar angiosperms yiwuwar ba ya dogara ne a kan ruwa domin kiwo tsari da aka flower.

flower sassa, stipules, matattarã, peduncle, corolla na petals, toho, pistil, stigma, stamens. Dukkan wadannan sifofi ne guda a matsayin haihuwa gabobin, kazalika da wadanda wanda aka kara tuba zuwa tayin, abin da na tsare da iri zuwa cikakken balaga.

Mutane godiya shuke-shuke da furanni na m kyakkyawa da taushi, m ƙanshi. Amfani da magani Properties na extracting amfani ya'ya da aka girma a nan gaba domin ya sami m da kuma dadi 'ya'yan itãcen marmari.

Domin da tsire-tsire kansu flower - amfani muhimmanci zuciya da sauransu, wanda cece su daga cikin ruwa, dangane da kiwo, saboda yanzu shi ne yake aikata da taimakon biyu hadi. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari samar da tsaro da kuma kare tsaba, kazalika da tsoma baki, a waste da cin dabbobi, shi ne kuma babban da cewa bambanta tsarin angiosperm shuke-shuke da sauransu.

Daban-daban tsarin furanni, iri-iri na da siffofin iya kara hanyoyi na pollination, wanda kuma na taimaka wa m watsa da kuma waste daga shuke-shuke.

fasaloli

Hakika, mafi muhimmanci kuma abin dogara bidi'a for flowering ya samuwar flower. Duk da haka, ba kawai wannan ba, amma wasu alamu na angiosperms idon jaddada da kuma tabbatar da su dominance na taro a tsakanin Flora. Kamar misali:

• Bayan inganta madugu tsarin kunsha phloem sieve abubuwa da phloem nama. Wannan damar sauri safarar da zama dole ma'adanai da ruwa, kazalika da kwayoyin abubuwa da ya inganta da ake so shuka sassa tare da wani ra'ayi da kara adanar.
• Kare iri pericarp Tsarin, sau da yawa m-fleshed 'ya'yan.
• A ta hanyoyi da dama na pollination (iska, kwari, dabbobi, da tsuntsaye, kai-pollination, giciye-pollination, da sauransu).
• Haihuwa gabobin (gametophytes) ne su iya ci gaba da sauri kuma kawai, su ne a karkashin kariya da shuka sporophyte.
• A biochemical abun da ke ciki na kyallen takarda. Mutane da yawa wakilan dauke da guba abubuwa alkaloids, flavonoids, maras tabbas, kuma haka a kan, wanda ya hana su cin abinci dabbobi da kuma ba da damar su kashe ci gaban da sauran shuke-shuke.
• A tsarin da angiosperms hada su zama a daban-daban rayuwa siffofin - itatuwa, shrubs, bushes, shrubs, ciyawa, inabõbi.

Wadannan rarrabe siffofin sa wannan rukunin na shuke-shuke ne Popular, Hardy, da saba da sake ma su matsugunni. Kazalika da zama dole da kuma muhimmanci ga mutum da kuma kasuwanci.

rarrabuwa

Akwai kan 250,000 jinsunan angiosperms, suna tattare a cikin 13,000 haihuwar daga 350 iyalansu. Systematics yawa isasshen na canza matsayin da kuma wakilan.

A rarrabuwa dogara ne da farko angiosperms azuzuwan, wanda akwai biyu:

• monocots.
• bipartite.

Kowane aji aka wakilta wani yawan iyalai, ciki har da siffofin daban-daban na rayuwa, kuma kowa a duk yankuna.

Class dicots

Yana hada angiosperm shuke-shuke, misalai na wanda kusan kowa da kowa yana da a gida a cikin nau'i na potted furanni. Yana violets, begonias, spatifillyum, roba shuke-shuke. Na aikin lambu duk Rosaceae da Solanaceae, Cruciferae da malam, Compositae - rosehip, tumatir, cucumbers, dankali, kabeji, inabi, eggplant, buckwheat da yawa wasu. Daga cikin misalan na itace ma da flowering shuke-shuke, misalai ne: itacen oak, ash, Maple, Linden, Birch da sauransu. Tattalin arziki muhimmanci wakilan, kafofin of m raw kayan: auduga, lilin, jute, Hevea, kirfa, hemp, Laurel da yawa wasu.

Total Dicotyledones yana kan 170 dubu. Species, wakiltar kamar 75% na dukkan flowering shuke-shuke. A da rarrabuwa kashi 360 iyalai a 60 umarni tattara ganimar Asusun daga 7 subclasses.

Siffofi da wani bipartite

Akwai da dama na asali.

1. Gaban a iri cotyledon biyu (halves). Wannan shi ne musamman yiwu ganin misali iri legumes. Akwai ware wa daya ko 3-4 cotyledons.
2. Irin tushen tsarin: sanda. Yana yana da kusan duk data flowering shuke-shuke. Misalai, a cikinsa shi ne mai sauki bi: barkono, hemp, nettle, begonias, alayyafo da sauransu. Ware - itace siffofin.
3. Flower kusan dukkan hudu ko biyar-membered. Da wuya sauran.

aji Monocotyledones

Akwai game da 80 dubu daban-daban da wakilan, suna tattare a cikin iyali. Da yawa m angiosperms, misalai na wanda sun hada da wadannan: duk da hatsi, Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Banana, Sedge, mafi dabino. Kuma shi ke ba da dukan jerin, domin kowane iyali ya hada da babban yawan takamaiman iri wakilan.

Great darajar a mutum masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci ne hatsi. Wadannan suna da mafi horar a cikin al'adun duniya: alkama, da shinkafa, da sha'ir, hatsin rai, masara da sauransu.

Key siffofin na monocots

Akwai da dama key:

• tushen tsarin - fibrous, tare da waɗansu 'yan ƙalilan.
• bar lanceolate, elongated.
• flower tripartite wuya hudu ko biyu.
• cotyledon a cikin tayi kadai.

Classes na angiosperms da su da yawa wakilan samar da iri-iri da kyau na Flora, wanda shi ne don haka na ji dadin ji dadin da cewa ya bamu rai. Haka ne, saboda da tsire-tsire samar da oxygen, kuma babu wani daga cikin dabbobin da ba iya rayuwa ba tare da wannan gas.