Babban ma'anar falsafancin karni na 19 da kuma fitowar kwayoyin halitta

Idan mukayi la'akari da irin abubuwan da ke faruwa na falsafar zamani, to, lalle ne daya daga cikin wuraren da aka fi sani a ci gaba da ilimin falsafa shine haɓaka. Kafin a ci gaba da nazarin wannan rukunan falsafa, ya zama dole a nuna irin asalin da suka zama tushen wannan yanayin, wanda ya taka rawa kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin cognition na duniya.

A ƙarshen karni na 19, ilimin falsafanci ba ya yadu, wanda ya bayyana rashin fahimta, jin dadi, jahilci a matsayin mahimmanci a cikin hanyar cognition. Babban mahimmancin bincike a cikin rashin daidaituwa shine abubuwan da ba za a iya tsammani ba - za su ji, ji, fahimta. Ba ƙarshen wuri ba a cikin jerin abubuwan da ke tattare da maganganun da ke tattare da ganewa ba tare da fahimta bane, wanda shine A. Schopenhauer - daya daga cikin manyan wakilan wannan al'ada - ya bayyana a cikin asali ainihin tushen ilimin.

Ƙarin cigaban falsafar kuma musamman na ilimin kimiyyar halitta ya nuna iyakokin yanayin da ba shi da kyau, da rashin yiwuwar shiga cikin gina lokaci mai dacewa na hoton kimiyya na duniya. Sun kasa cin nasara akan rikicin da ya tashi a cikin ilimin falsafa, da kuma irin wadannan ka'idodi a fannin falsafanci da suka bunkasa a lokaci guda kamar yadda ba a yi ba. Falsafar rayuwa, kamar yadda a falsafa rukunan, ya Lalle wani ci gaba, cikin sharuddan da la'akari da mutane da kuma al'umma gaba ɗayansa, da kuma kuzarin kawo cikas. Amma har ila yau yana ɓoye ga marasa kyau lokacin da aka gano dalilin da ya sa mutum ya yi aiki. Masu wakiltar wannan koyarwar sun gaskata cewa rai wani rafi ne wanda bai dace ba, sabili da haka, ba kome ba ne a yi magana game da kowane ka'idar cognition a matsayin wani ɓangare na rayuwa kanta.

Hermeneutics sunyi babbar gudummawa wajen bunkasa hanyoyin kimiyya, musamman game da al'amurran da suka danganci hanyoyin hanyoyin bincike da fassarar su. Duk da haka, a nan an sake haifar da tasiri na banza - duk wani muhimmin bayani an wakilta a matsayin hanyar zama mai fassara mai fassara. A takaice dai, mai fassara ya bi tarihi da gaskiyar bisa ga fahimtar su.

Irin wadannan ka'idodin falsafar na ƙarshen 19 - farkon karni na 20 kamar yadda yake kasancewa da kuma zance, psychoanalysis ya rage karfin hali kawai don iyakar rayuwar mutum, lokacin da ta iya bayyana kanta a wata hanya ko wata.

Babban gagarumin nasara wajen magance matsalolin matsalar ilimin falsafa shine bayyanar da kuma bunkasa ka'idojin positivism. Maganar wannan rukunan shine furta game da rashin kuskuren dogara ga ka'idodin kimiyya na kimiyya a cikin ka'idar, kamar yadda ma'anar falsafar da aka rigaya ta ɗauka. Tabbatar da hankali ya tabbatar da gaskiyar - a matsayin tushen gaskiya kawai, yayin da yake ƙaddamar da yanayin cewa za'a kawar da wannan hujja daga nauyin ƙididdiga kuma an tabbatar da ita ta hanyoyi masu gwaji (hanyar tabbatarwa).

Masanin ilimin falsafa na Faransa Auguste Comte an dauke shi ne wanda ya kafa zane-zane a cikin falsafar, wanda har yanzu yana cikin tarihin tunanin kimiyya kamar yadda ya kafa masanin zamantakewa kamar kimiyya a cikin ma'anar ma'anar wannan ma'anar. Yayin da yake kasancewa, haɓakawa ta shiga cikin manyan matakai hudu na cigaba. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin siffofin da ke tattare da haɓaka, idan wasu daga cikin ma'anar falsafancin wannan lokaci ko kuma ba su iya tsayawa a ƙarƙashin tsautsarwa ba, kuma, a gaskiya ma, sun zama ra'ayoyin da aka yi musu, to, positivism ta sami albarkatu da sababbin hanyoyin hanyoyin tabbatar da ka'idoji. Alal misali, lokacin da aka tambayi jigilar al'amuran da suka dace da halayyar ilimin kimiyyar halitta, E. Mach da R. Avenarius sunyi sauri. Machism ya zama na biyu na tarihin positivism, a cikin abin da kwarewa kwarewa farko. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa wannan shugabanci yana da wani suna - empirio-criticism. Bayan haka, akwai wasu nau'o'in falsafanci, irin su neopositivism da postpositivism, wadanda manyan wakilan su ne R. Carnap, B. Russell, K. Popper, wanda ya ƙaddamar da matakai na asali don tsarin bincike.

Alal misali, masu haɓaka ra'ayi sunyi imanin cewa manyan sifofin falsafanci suna nufin, na farko, don yin nazari na hanyar kimiyya, wanda shine mahimmin hanyar samun bayanai. Masu gabatar da labarai sun ci gaba da kara, batun su sha'awa shine tambayoyi game da ilimin ilimin kimiyya, matsalar matsalar kimiyya da ci gaban ilimi. Harkokin da ake gabatarwa shine mafi aminci ga falsafar da kuma rawar da yake takawa a cikin fasaha.

Babban nasara mafi muhimmanci na postpositivism shine gaskatawa ga rashin bin ka'idar da ake bukata ta dacewa ta hanyar yiwuwar tabbatar da gaskiyar kimiyya. Daga wannan ne mafi mahimmancin taƙaitaccen ra'ayi game da yanayin ci gaba na kimiyya na zamani: yana da matukar cigaba a ci gabanta, amma janar na gaba ne na inganta ilimin kimiyya.