Brazil m Oscar Niemeyer: biography, aiki. Museum da kuma cibiyar al'adu Oscar Niemeyer

Oscar Niemeyer aka haife shi a Rio de Janeiro, Disamba 15, 1907 Wannan taron ya faru a kan titi, wanda aka mai suna a bayan ɗan lõkaci da sunan kakansa Ribeyru Di Almeida. Wannan mutumin ya minista a kasar Brazil Tarayya Kotun Koli.

matasa m

Kamar yadda ya tuno da Oscar, ya jagoranci wani bohemian rayuwa a cikin matasa. Future m Oscar Niemeyer aure da zaran na gama makaranta. Da farko ya yi aiki a wani bugu gidan, sa'an nan, a 1930, ya fara karatu a National School of Fine Arts, located in Rio de Janeiro. Oscar zaba wa kansa cikin baiwa da gine-gine. Bayan 4 shekaru, Niemeyer kammala karatunsa. Ya je wurin aiki a cikin zane studio na Lusio Kosty, tsohon malami. Lucio ne kafa Brazilian gine a Art Nouveau style.

Tare da haɗin gwiwar Charles de Corbusier

Da farko Oscar aiki for free. A cikin studio, sai ya sadu da wani mutum wanda ya yi matukar yin tasiri aikinsa. Yana game Charles Le Korbyuze, Faransa m. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga matasa artists wanda ya yi aiki a kan aikin ginin na ma'aikatar kiwon lafiya da ilimi a Rio de Janeiro. Wannan mutumin da zarar ya ce Oscar iyawa. Ya umurci shi zuwa Project management.

Niemeyer, godiya ga wannan aiki, ya karbi girmamawa ga m, ba tsoro na gwaje-gwajen. Ya gaji brilliantly hada da wasu sosai m siffofi da kuma Lines tare da aiki na sassa da kuma kayan daga wanda an yi su. Daga bisani, wadannan siffofin zama da kasuwanci na Niemeyer aiki da za a nuna a kusan kowace daga cikin 600 ayyukan da za'ayi da su a kasashe daban-daban.

Pavilion Brazil da hadaddun Pampulha

The sunan m, a 1939, da aka riga aka sani wajen kasar. Niemeyer, tare da Lusio Kostoy, da Brazilian babban tanti da aka tsara, ya gabatar a New York a Duniya Nunin. A farkon 1940s da m samu wata babbar sabon tsari. Juscelino Kubitschek, wanda daga baya ya zama shugaban kasa na kasar, da kuma yayin da tsohon prefect na manyan birnin Belo Horizonte (Brazil), da umurnin da ya kafa wani hadadden na gine-gine a bakin tafkin. Pampulha. Akwai ya kamata ya zama jirgin ruwa mai filafili kulob din da kuma wani wasan tennis kulob din, a coci, a dance zauren da kuma gidan kayan gargajiya. Bayan kammala wannan aiki Pampulha zama kusan mafi muhimmanci janye daga kasar. Yana nan da nan ya zama sananne a matsayin Brazilian gine-gine da dutse mai daraja.

MDD gine-gine a cikin hadaddun aikin

Oscar Niemeyer ya zama real Celebrity. A shekarar 1947 ya kasance wani memba na wata kungiyar na gine-ginen da suka yi aiki a kan ginin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya hadaddun a New York. Niemeyer shi ne auta tsakanin su. Ya jagoranci wani rukunin na American m Uolles Garrison. A mawallafa nema ya tabbatar da cewa aikinsu ya kasance daga m, falsafar muhimmanci. Niemeyer tsara manufar da "Taron na duniya". Ta na son abokan aiki amince da aikin, amma saboda dalilai daban-daban da su aiwatar da shi da kuma iya ba.

Cottage Canoas

A m-experimenter ya mai yawa ideas. A musamman, duniya-daraja domin ta m tukuna wata halitta dabam - bada Canoas. Ya gina shi a cikin unguwannin Rio de Janeiro a 1953. A yau shi ne a unguwar da babbar gundumar na São Conrado. A cewar masana, a yi amfani da gina wannan lambu mafita ne har yanzu sabo ne, amma shi ke an fiye da shekaru 50. A gidan da aka gina a zahiri a cikin ta muhalli. Dauki, misali, wata babbar dutse, wanda yake a cikin shiri da aka bar inda shi sa, watakila millennia. The m yanke shawarar kafa wani bango na gidan kawai sama da shi. A sakamakon haka ne cewa wata babbar ɓangare na dutse ne daga gida, da kuma sauran part - ciki. Wannan ya ba da m ciki na ginin mai dama asali.

Duk da haka, wannan aiki shi ne kawai wani overture da kasuwanci rai daga cikin manyan m, wanda ya zama birni na Brasilia, babban birnin jihar.

Zane na Brazil babban birnin kasar

Back a cikin karni na 19th akwai wani ra'ayin don canja wurin da Brazil babban birnin kasar, wanda shi ne a wancan lokaci Rio de Janeiro. Sa'an nan da ra'ayin jãyayya da cewa Rio aka located a kan Atlantic Coast, a taron na wani hari da aka fallasa zuwa mafi girma hadarin fiye da birni, dake a cikin hinterland. Duk da haka, an yi imani da cewa babban dalilin da canja wurin da Brazil babban birnin kasar - da bukatar ci gaba da cibiyar na kasar, sparsely lugar a lokacin.

A shekarar 1957, wannan alhakin da m aiki na Juscelino Kubitschek, yanzu shugaban Brazil ya umurci a warware Oscar Niemeyer da Lucio Costa. A karshen nasa ne da janar shiri na raya birnin, da kuma Oscar - daftarin girma na zama gidaje da gine-gine. A cewar masana, da aikin na wadannan gine-ginen ya zama mafi shahara a birane shiryawa gwaji na lokaci. Kusan daga karce a shekaru 3 ya karu cikin birnin, wanda ya sauri zama daya daga cikin mafi ban sha'awa ƙauyuka duniya. Har yanzu, akwai ba daidai to shi a ƙasa. A ranar bude - Afrilu 21, 1960

Babban gini na Brazil babban birnin kasar

A farko, birnin da aka tsara don zauna a cikinsa 800 dubu. Mazauna, amma yanzu akwai fiye da miliyan 2.1. Kamar yadda Brazil ce su babban birnin kasar da kama wani jirgin sama a siffar. Idan ka hau kan TV hasumiya, dake a cikin tsakiyar birnin, za ka ga "tashi jirgin", wanda ya kunshi unprecedented titi kafin, murabba'ai, Parks da gine-gine. A cikin cibiyar - da triangular yankin na Uku: Muhimman. A cikin sasanninta yana 3 gine-gine: Palace na shugaban kasar, da Kotun Koli da kuma National Congress. Wannan "gida na jirgin sama." "Fuka-fuki" shi - na zama yankunan, wanda ake kira - "kudu" da "arewa" reshe. Saura daga cikin babban birnin kasar ne ma da bambanci a fili a kansu - da kasuwanci kansu, da hotel, da ofishin jakadancin, da nisha zone.

An staggering zahiri kowane ginin, wanda aka tsara da Oscar Niemeyer. wadannan gani gigice mu da m siffofi, m Lines, m contours. Alal misali, a gindin tagwayen hasumiyoyin na National Congress, kowanne daga abin yana da 28 benaye, m stretches dandali. Yana yana 2 babbar bowls - Housings Majalisar Wakilai da ta Dattawa (hoton sama). A farko daga cikin wadannan kofuna ne wani inverted da wani Dome, da kuma sauran kara zuwa sama.

National Theatre, a cikin wani nau'i na dala, ma ya burge mu tare da asali. Babban ɓangare na ginin ne karkashin kasa. Na ƙwarai da kuma babban coci tare da babbar gilashin mazugi. Wannan gini (hoton nizhee) kewaye da fari ginshikan, wasa kamar fensir. Su huta a ƙasa, sa'an nan, ta maimaita siffar da coci, ya bar aikinsa kibiyoyi a cikin sama.

A gini na babban coci ne mafi kamar wani jirgin baki komai a fili kwatsam, maimakon coci a cikin gargajiya ji. Ba da nisa daga gare ta akwai wani abin mamaki da gine - gine na Palace of Itamaraty, wanda aka sanshi a matsayin Palace of arches. A nasa ne da ma'aikatar harkokin waje. Wannan gini yana kuma firam da ginshikan da cewa samar da wata gallery da high kankare arches da fadi da takware. Very m daki-daki, ga irin wannan muhimmanci ma'aikata ne a manyan kandami cewa kewaye da Itamaraty Palace a kan dukkan bangarorin. Yana fun wasanni kifi.

Mun bayyana kawai da babban ginin, wanda aka halitta a cikin babban birnin kasar na Brazil Oscar Niemeyer. Ayyukan ta bambance bambancen da yawa. Tare da bambanci pyramids, domes, taso kofin da kuma share ginshikan, Parks da murabba'ai, da m lissafi siffofi, dabaru da kuma sarari a titunan gari dora kayyade magana, kuma haske. More m ne a matsayin wani wuri na aikin da Shugabar kasar Brazil - fada "Planalto" (hoton da ke ƙasa).

Its marubucin ne ma Oscar Niemeyer. The gine na wannan gini ne quite na ƙwarai. Wannan kananan gini na hudu benaye ba kama a gidan sarauta. Kawai mai tsaro ya nuna cewa wannan shi ne inda siyasa yanke shawara cewa zai shafi makomar mafi girma a kasashen a Latin America.

A yawa na jama'a da gine-gine tsara ta Nimeyer Oskar. A gwamnati, misali, samu ta Palace a shekarar 1960. Duk da haka, duk da irin wannan high sabis zuwa jihar, da m har yanzu ya bar ƙasarsa ta kasar. Gaya mana yadda ya faru.

Niemeyer rayuwa a cikin zaman gudun hijira

A shekarar 1945, Oscar shiga cikin jam'iyyar kwaminis na Brazil, da kuma ya kasance da aminci ga ta akida har mutuwarsa. The m tsara wani sabon birni, amma ya sha wahala daga gaskiya cewa shi ba zai iya kawar da shacks da slums. Ra'ayin Niemeyer taba boye. Saboda su, ya iya ba zauna a Brazil bayan a 1960 da juyin mulkin soja. Oscar ya yi hijira zuwa Turai. Ya zauna a Paris. Wannan ya tilasta tashi m kira "marar tushe fitar". Niemeyer sa'an nan tafiya cikin duniya, ziyartar tsakanin sauran kasashe, da kuma Tarayyar Soviet, inda ya tarar mutane da yawa Raya Makon da kuma magoya bayan. Ya zama zakara na zamantakewa ci gaba da kuma zaman lafiya a duniya. Domin wannan ya aka bayar da kyauta "domin karfafa zaman lafiya tsakanin mutane" (International Lenin Prize).

Kamar yadda kafin, da m aiki tukuru. Da alama cewa labarin kasa na aikinsa ne da gaske m: Italiya, Jamus, Faransa, Lebanon, Congo, da Ghana, da United States, Algeria da kuma sauran kasashe. Mafi shahara daga cikin ayyukan a wannan lokaci sun kwamitin tsakiya na jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Faransa, dake Paris, kazalika da "Mondadori" a Milan.

Komowa zuwa Brazil, Kubitschek Memorial J.

Kawai a cikin farkon shekarun 1980s Oskar Nimeyer koma zuwa Brazil. Ya nan da nan ya fara gudanar da wani mafarkin - tunawa aikin a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar da "baba" daga cikin Brazilian babban birnin kasar na Juscelino Kubitschek. Memorial, da shaci na wanda tunatar da mu da guduma da lauje, kewaye da greenery. An located kusa da TV hasumiya. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan jan hankali na Brazil babban birnin kasar.

A karshe shekaru ransa, da mutuwa da m

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, rai na Oscar Niemeyer yi aiki a cikin studio, located in Rio de Janeiro, a kan bangare na Copacabana. Daga 'yan ayyuka sun hada da maimaitawa na "Sambadrome". wannan babban tini da dakalansu da aka gina a shekarar 1984. A lokacin Carnival gudanar a nan gasar samba makarantu. Kawai ta 2012 wannan babban tini da aka bai daidai da daftarin Niemeyer.

A fice Brazilian m Oscar Niemeyer ya mutu a kan Disamba 6, 2012 a wani asibiti a Rio de Janeiro, inda aka bi da ga wata. Oscar bai rayu har zuwa cikin 105th birthday na kawai kwanaki 10. Ya kawai ya, Anna Maria Niemeyer, ya rasu yana da shekaru 82 a watan Yuni 2012

Cibiyar raya al'adun Oscar Niemeyer

Wannan abu ne dake a cikin Spanish, kuma Aviles ne wata katuwar gidan kayan gargajiya da kuma nuni hadaddun. A concert dakunan da kuma nuni cibiyar bakuncin wani iri-iri na al'adu events - nune-nunen da masu daukan hoto da kuma artists, dance wasanni da kuma wasan kwaikwayo productions, kide, film screenings, ilimi laccoci da kuma taro.

Wannan abu ne mai ban sha'awa daga wani gine-gine bisa. Shĩ ne mafi kamar cewa a kan filin wasa fiye da gidan kayan gargajiya hadaddun. The Cibiyar kunshi biyar gine-gine, kowanne daga wanda aka halin da haske launi facades da zato siffofi. Al'adu Center, located in Aviles, - shi ne kawai launi a cikin gine-gine na Oscar Niemeyer. Wannan shawarar da aka ba zaba kwatsam - ginin ya kamata ya zama wani irin magani ga ciki ga jama'ar na wani kananan masana'antu gari. Na dogon lokaci zuwa Aviles bi da matsayin "mummuna duckling" na arewa na Spain. Yana mafi yawa ana hade da mazaunan ƙasar ta shan taba chimneys located nan steelworks. A lokaci guda nuni filaye Oscar ya ba da gari sabon rai. Aikin gine-gine fara a 2008 da kuma kammala a 2011. The biyar sassa na cibiyar - a multiplex, wani kallo hasumiya, masu sauraro da kuma a tsakiyar square.

Oscar Niemeyer Museum

Curitiba (Brazil) - wani gari wanda aka sani ba kawai kamar ƙarami birni a Brazil. A nan ne sanannen Museum Niemeyer. Yana da aka sadaukar domin zamani gine-gine, da na gani zane-zane, zane da kuma video art. Ginin da aka kammala a 2002. A farko wannan abu da aka kira "New Museum", amma ba da sunan Oscar Niemeyer riga a 2003

Wannan ginin da kuma ake kira "duk ganin ido" ko "Museum da idanu" saboda ta asali zane. A siffar shi yayi kama wata babbar ido, rataye a cikin iska. Yau da wannan alama na Curitiba ne Museum of Art Modern. Oscar Niemeyer fara aiki a kan aikin a 1967. Sa'an nan, ya gina wani kankare gini a style of zamani zuwa mafi girma ilimi ma'aikata. Daga baya, a shekarar 2001, ya koma ga wannan aikin kuma sāke shi. Saboda haka akwai wata babbar tsawo na karfe raga, fari kankare da farantin gilashi, da aka sani da Oscar Niemeyer Museum. "Eyes" ne a kan wani pedestal a tsakiyar wani wucin gadi kandami.

Sunansa yana da tabbaci rubũtacce a tarihin gine-gine, fice m Oscar Niemeyer. Aikinsa ne da aka sani a duk faɗin duniya. Ba su gushe mamaki da murna mu Sahaban.