Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore a Florence: photo, m, ciki

Independent yawon bude ido ya yada zango a Florence, guidebooks karfi bayar da shawarar ziyara, fãce ga yankin senor, Tsohon Bridge kuma Uffizi Palace, mafi shahara da kuma recognizable alama wannan ban mamaki Italian birni-gidan kayan gargajiya - da Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore. Hotuna da hotunan wannan gine-gine da fitacciyar za ka iya taba gani. Kuma wadannan hotuna da aka sau da yawa tare da sanya iska a matsayin mai yawa gine-gine kewaye da Haikalin ba da damar samun dama kwana kama dukan abu. Amma shi ne mafi alheri fiye da wani daga cikin hotunan za su gani da Cathedral farko hannun - a lokacin da saitin rana gilds da ja Dome hankali ko a lokacin Italian kyalle da dare lit fitilu m haske. Wannan shi ne wani coci tare da wani mai arziki, mai ban sha'awa tarihi da kuma wata alama ce. A cikin zuciya na Florence Renaissance baiwa Titans bar ya alama a dutse.

A tarihin Cathedral

Plans don gina birnin na main Haikalin, da aka soma a karshen goma sha uku karni. Amma ba za ka iya ce cewa Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore a Florence aka gina daga karce. Akwai wani karamin coci na Saint Reparate. Kuma mafi shahara Florentine Basilica ne musamman a cewa da shi ya fara da za a gina a inda baya gini ya ba tukuna aka hallaka. Tsarki Reparata har karshen ta goma sha uku karni da aka dauke da Patroness na gari. Wannan Semi-almara adadi. Budurwa daga Palestine ya halartar daban-daban mai ladabi da azabtarwa m Romawa domin su sadaukar da Kristanci a cikin III karni. Church of St. Reparata aka gina kamar na shida karni. Amma shi ma ba a wani wuri. A zamanin da can ya tsaya a arna haikali. A alfijir na Kristanci daga gefe ya baptistery aka gina (ga baftismar neophytes dakin). An sani cewa a kusa da coci hurumi aka located. Late jam'i tombstones lokacin da aka canjawa wuri zuwa wani haikali gidan kayan gargajiya.

Na da megalomania?

Abu na farko da cewa amazes yawon bude ido wanda ya zo da Duomo - babban coci, shi ne ta size. Baptistery da campanile (kararrawa hasumiya) ne raba, ko hade a cikin gine-gine. Amma ginin Haikali ne da gaske ban mamaki domin da giant size. Mene ne shi, inda irin megalomania? Don amsa wannan tambaya, ya kamata mu tuna, a lõkacin da suka gina da Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore. Florence a farkon XIII karni samu ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma da'awar da gasar tsakanin birane jamhuriyoyin. Kuma shi cike ba kawai a Italiya, amma ko da a cikin dukan na yammacin Turai. Don nuna da jagoranci (musamman manyan hammayarsu - Siena da Pisa), kuma an yanke shawarar gina mafi girma a lokacin babban coci da kuma mafi girman campanile. A cikin wannan shirin, da coci da rike rabin yawan na birane ƙungiya, wanda a lokacin ya kai unprecedented rabbai - casa'in da mutane dubu. A tsarin da irin wannan sikelin ya kalubalanci ma'adanin na na da gine-gine. Ya aka samu ta hanyar Arnolfo di Cambio, sanannen m, wanda aikin a Florence ya riga an gina da Palazzo Vecchio da kuma Ruhu Mai Cross Church.

Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore: m

Construction na babban coci coci wani al'amari na girma. A gini da zama na musamman. Saboda haka, m Arnolfo ventured daga Gothic Canon, wanda umurce su da su gina alfarma gine-gine a cikin wani nau'i na Latin giciye. Saboda haka, a kan saman coci kama da harafin "T". Architect shiga wani Latin giciye tare da centric rotunda, wanda aka lashe tare da wani Dome. Uku naves shared da yadu spaced ginshiƙai. Tare da hange na rotunda da kuma a kan bagaden da ɗakin sujada a cikin transept. Di Cambio ba iya gani da ganin 'ya'yansu. Ya mutu a cikin 1302, da kuma Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, wanda ya yaba da shirin na dogon lokaci juya a cikin wani watsi yi site. A birnin kawai ba su da isasshen kudi ga m aikin. Fita daga rikicin kudi da aka samu a 1330: mai ban mamaki hanya a cikin Church Reparate "same" da sauran kaya daga Saint Zenobia, da kuma bayan wani shekara na aikin recommenced.

mashawarta mãsu mayẽwa

Majiɓinci, "aikin na karni" ya zama mai iko shagon Jawo yan kasuwa (arte Lana della). Ya yi ijara da kõwa amma shahara zane-zane da kuma m Giotto. Amma master ya ma m don aiwatar da magabacinsa shirin. Kuma ya fara gina campanile. Lokacin da ya rasu (1337), kawai ta ƙananan bene da aka gina. Sa'an nan kuma sake bayar da umarnin rike aikin shekara goma sha biyu saboda da Great Black annoba. A 1349, da baton babban m Francesco Talenti dauki kan, wanda har yanzu gudanar don gama da hasumiya. A 1359 aka gina karkashin jagorancin Dzhovanni Di Lapo Ghini. Sa'an nan ya zo cikin wasu sau. Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore a Florence canza mai yawa gine-ginen. Kuma dukansu sun kasance ne "da sunan." Muna sane da irin Masters a matsayin Giovanni d'Ambrodzho, amma kuma ta Alberto Arnoldi, kuma Neri Di Foravante da Andrea Orkanya ... By 1375 karshe dismantled da haihuwa coci na St. Reparate, da kuma a 1380 ya sauke karatu daga cikin babban nave. Amma da facade na ginin da aka kammala ... kawai a cikin karni na sha tara.

Dome

Kamar yadda aka ambata riga, da Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore aka gina duk sauran irin wannan gothic Tsarin da kyandir da shi su ne ba kyau. Lalle ne, babban coci da Florence a tsawon by kawai mita biyar na baya zuwa Milan ta shahara Al Duomo (153 vs. 158 m). A cikin wannan shirin na m di Cambio, da rotunda ya zuwa gyara Dome. Amma babban coci da aka da irin wannan babbar podbannik cewa daya na dogon lokaci bai yi kuskure ya fara aiki a kan halittarsa. Shi ne kawai a 1420 domin kalubale zo daga babban m Brunelleschi. Ya samarwa zuwa birnin majalisa octagonal Dome shirin na tubalin. Wannan gothic baka siffar da aka kamata ya auri wata ado fitila. Aiki da wahala ta high tsawo da kuma cewa scaffolding ba ta tsaye a kan ƙasa da kuma lazimta zuwa tsaye ganuwar da babban coci. A sakamakon haka, bayan shekaru 15 shi ne ya jũyar da haske, tashin gwauron zabi Dome 42 mita tsawo, wanda a yanzu kayyade halayyar silhouette na Florence.

ciki

A cikin unprepared matafiyi shi ya sa wani shubuha alama - Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore a Florence. Hotuna haikali sau da yawa kai ga arzikin waje ado. Duk da haka, da ciki ne m, idan aka kwatanta da facade gine alama matalauta. Yana Notes a cikin karni na goma sha bakwai Rasha matafiyi - a PA Lokacin farin ciki. Ya rubuta cewa, "coci ne mai girma da kuma ƙwarai kyawawan da banmamaki yi", amma a "babu hula ba." Shi ne kuma zai yiwu cewa wannan ra'ayi da aka halitta da bambanci da Orthodox majami'u. Eh, da kuma na zamani yawon bude ido ce cewa coci yayi kama da neatly sanya akwati, wanda shi ne komai a ciki. Masu sukar kuma lura da cewa a waje na babban coci da aka danganta da canons na marigayi Italian Gothic. A ciki ya zama scene daga cikin mafi tsoro m experimentation Renaissance Masters. Paul Haikalin da aka sanya gaba ɗaya na marmara. Babban bagaden da aka sanya na alabaster da kuma ado da sassaka. Masters amfani da daban-daban irin marmara (kore, fari da kuma ruwan hoda), a cimma wata halitta play haske. Renaissance manyan malaman da aka halitta da kuma m akwai gilashi windows.

Campanile

Amfani da cewa a cikin shiri na kararrawa hasumiyai babu wani bayyanannen Canon Giotto cikakken saukar da basira na master. Ya nuna cewa da shawarar birnin ashirin-mita rectangular hasumiya, masu garu gefen buttresses. Facades openwork halitta wani ra'ayi godiya ga biyu windows. Bugu da kari, duk ganuwar da kararrawa hasumiya an sannan suka yi wa ado da multicolored sculptures da inlays. Ko da yake mai girma master mutu a farkon aikin, wasu majiɓinta fili bin ya tsare-tsaren da kuma zane. A sakamakon haka, "Giotto ta Campanile" da aka sani a kalla a duniya fiye da kaina Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, wanda ta shiga.

baptistery

An sani cewa baptistery wanzu riga a 897 shekara, ko da a gaban yi na Church of Saint Reparate. Sa'an nan baptistery tsaya baya daga haikalin ibada, da kuma Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore ne ba togiya. Modern look baptistery samu hankali. Gina a 1059 ganuwar da wani karni da aka fuskanta tare da canza launin marmara. Jiki na wani tanti a gina a cikin XII karni. Renaissance baptistery ba uku na tagulla ƙõfõfi, kuma ta marmara sculptures kan su. Kuma da daukakar christening ado Florentine suka yi jihãdi a cikin gasar mafi kyau sculptors a Tuscany. A yi Halicci ƙarya ra'ayi na uku labarin, amma a gaskiya akwai kawai biyu matakan. Dalilin wannan Tantancewar mafarki ne external bango cladding marmara.

Da haikalin da kuma birni

Ba wai kawai a cikin size da kuma gine-gine Masterpieces, amma da tarihi ne na ƙwarai cikin Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore. Florence, tare da ƙarni-tsohon tarihi da aka nasaba, tare da babban haikalin. Mutane da yawa daga cikin manyan abubuwan tarihin da ya faru a cikin ganuwar ta. A nan sai ya sanya aikinsa na wa'azi su tuba Savonarola. A cikin wannan Haikali da aka kashe dan'uwan da mulkin Florence, Lorenzo da babba - Dzhuliano Medichi. Kuma a cikin crypt na babban coci sami kwanciyar rai da Giotto, marubucin na Campanile da Brunelleschi - mahaliccin Dome.