Chartist motsi: shugabannin, da dalilai, da main manufofin, hanyoyin da gwagwarmaya, da sakamako. A farkon Chartist motsi. Me cikin Chartist motsi kasa?

Daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci abubuwan tarihin da na tsakiya na XIX karni a Birtaniya ya zama wani da ake kira Chartist motsi. Yana da aka irin na farko (Abubakar) na} o} arin na ma'aikata a kasar don kare hakkinsu. Da ikon yinsa, daga cikin siyasa mataki na proletarians bai san da taba gani ba a tarihin Birtaniya. Bari mu gano musabbabin Chartism, gano ta samu ci gaba, kazalika da kafa dalilin da ya sa Chartist motsi kasa.

prehistory

Har sai da na biyu da kwata na XIX karni, babban sauyi da karfi a cikin UK zauna a cikin bourgeoisie. A karshen, cimma wata gudanar da majalisar garambawul a 1832, wanda ya kai ga wani gagarumin fadada ta wakilci a cikin House of Commons, da bourgeoisie ya zahiri zama daya daga cikin hukuncin azuzuwan. Ma'aikata ma ta yi maraba da sake fasalin a matsayin wani ɓangare kuma yana da ke cikin riba, amma kamar yadda ya juya waje, da nisa daga kasancewa cikakken hadu da tsammanin daga cikin proletarians.

A hankali, da proletariat zama babban sauyi da kuma reformist karfi a Birtaniya.

A dalilan da motsi

Kamar yadda za a iya fahimta daga sama, da dalilai ga Chartist motsi sa a cikin aiki rashin biyan bukata da siyasa halin da ake ciki a kasar, don rage su dama su zabi wakilan majalisar dokokin kasar. Fuel ga wuta zuba rikicen tattalin arziki na 1825 da kuma 1836 shekaru, musamman na karshe daya ne, wanda shi irin na jawo domin fara motsi. A sakamakon wannan rikicin ya fall a rayuwar da taro rashin aikin yi a tsakanin proletariat. Musamman ga wuri ya a yammacin gundumar na Ingila, Lancashire. Duk wannan zai iya ba amma tā da hankalin ma'aikata wanda ya so ya yi karin kayan aiki da tasiri ta hanyar majalisar dokokin kasar a kan tattalin arzikin kasar.

Bugu da kari, a 1834 majalisar soma da ake kira matalauta dokar, wanda ya tsaurara da ma'aikata. Bisa ga ƙa'ida farkon da Chartist motsi da wata dangantaka da boren da wannan dokar. Duk da haka, baya cikin mafi muhimman hakkokin raga zo da fore.

Saboda haka, da Sanadin Chartist motsi ya hadaddun yanayi, da hada siyasa da tattalin arziki da dalilai.

Samun Traffic Chartists

A farkon Chartist motsi, kamar yadda aka ce a sama, mafi masana tarihi koma zuwa 1836, ko da yake ainihin ranar ba za a iya ƙaddara. A dangane da farko na gaba tattalin arziki da rikicin ya fara taro rallies da zanga-zangar ma'aikata, wani lokacin lambobi dubban daruruwan mutane. Ana zargin da Chartist motsi ya da farko wajen da aka maras wata-wata da aka dogara ne a kan yanayi na rashin amincewa Wakilai, kuma ba guda tsari da karfi, wanda ya kafa wani sarari na kowa burin. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, da farko gwagwarmaya yin bukatunsu na kauda tashe matalauta dokar, don haka bayan kowane gangamin da aka ciyar da wata babbar dama ro zuwa majalisar zuwa warware wannan dokokin.

A halin yanzu, a warwatse kungiyoyin na masu zanga-zanga suka fara hada kai da juna da kuma zama karfi. Alal misali, a 1836, a Birnin London, akwai London Working Men ta Association, wadda kawo tare da wani yawan karami kungiyoyin na proletariat. Yana da wannan jam'iyya a nan gaba ya zama babban siyasa karfi na Chartist motsi a kasar Birtaniya. Shi ne kuma na farko ɓullo da nasu shirin na bukatar zuwa ga majalisar dokokin kasar ya kunshi maki shida.

Chartists kwarara

Dole ne in ce cewa daga farkon na zanga-zangar a cikin motsi sun kasance biyu main fuka-fukai: dama da hagu. Dama reshe ya tsaya ga wani ƙawance da bourgeoisie da makale yafi siyasa da hanyoyin da gwagwarmaya. A hagu reshe da aka fi halin gyara ba. Shi ne mai matukar korau hali zuwa wani yiwu ƙawance da bourgeoisie, amma kuma na da ra'ayin cewa wadannan manufofi za su kawai yiwu a cimma da ƙwãce.

Kamar yadda ka gani, da hanyoyin da gwagwarmaya na Chartist motsi ne quite daban-daban, dangane da takamaiman na tafarkinsa. Saboda haka a nan gaba, kuma shi ne daya daga cikin dalilan da shan kashi.

Shugabannin dama reshe

Chartist motsi da aka alama ta kasancewar wani yawan shahararren shugabannin. A dama da reshe da aka karkashin jagorancin William Lovett da Tomas Ettvud.

William Lovett aka haife shi a 1800 a cikin unguwannin London. Ko a cikin matasa ya koma zuwa ga babban birnin kasar. A farko da ya kasance kamar wani kafinta, sa'an nan ya zama shugaban kasa na Society of woodworkers. Sai ya juya daga da za a karfi da tasiri da ra'ayoyi Roberta Ouena - Utopian Socialists na farko da rabi na XIX karni. Tun 1831, Lovett fara taka rawa cikin daban-daban zanga-zanga na aiki motsi. A 1836 ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa na London Working Men ta Association, wanda ya zama kashin baya na Chartist motsi. Kamar yadda wani wakilin da ake kira aiki aristocracy, William Lovett bayar da shawarar da wani ƙawance da bourgeoisie kuma ga mafitar siyasa a tabbatar da 'yancin ma'aikatan.

Tomas Ettvud aka haife shi a 1783. Known banki da kuma tattalin arziki. Daga wani matashi, ya rayayye halarci rayuwar siyasa na birnin Birmingham. A 1830, jam'iyyar ta bayan da Birmingham Siyasa Union, wanda ya kamata ya wakilci bukatun da jama'ar na wannan birni. Attwood kasance daya daga cikin mafi yawan aiki magoya bayan siyasa garambawul a 1932 shekara. Bayan ta an zabe zuwa majalisar dokoki a cikin House of Commons, inda yake dauke daya daga cikin mafi m wakilai,. Ya tausaya tare da tsakaita reshe na Chartists kuma ko da ya dauki mai aiki bangare a cikin motsi, amma sai sulale daga gare shi.

Shugabannin bar reshe

Daga cikin shugabannin da hagu reshe na Chartists musamman dalĩli dadin Fergus O'Connor, James Mista O'Brien na yanzu, kazalika da wani firist Stephens.

Fergus O'Connor aka haife shi a 1796 a Ireland. Ilimi lauya, aka rayayye aikata. O'Connor ya daya daga cikin aiki mahalarta a cikin National Liberation Movement a Ireland, ci gaba a cikin 20s na XIX karni. Amma to, ina da su matsa zuwa Ingila, inda ya fara buga jaridar "Arewa Star". Da zarar ya fara da Chartist motsi, ya zama shugaban ta hagu reshe. Fergus O'Connor ya mai taimako neman sauyi da hanyoyin da gwagwarmaya.

James Mista O'Brien na yanzu shi ma 'yan qasar na Ireland, ya aka haife shi a 1805. Ya zama sananne jarida, ta amfani da alkalami sunan Bronter. Ya yi kamar edita a yawan wallafe, wanda goyon bayan Chartists. James Mista O'Brien na yanzu a kasidunsu kokarin ba da motsi da wani akida gaskata. Da farko ya kare juyin juya halin Musulunci da hanyoyin da gwagwarmaya, amma daga baya ya zama mai husũma na lumana garambawul.

Saboda haka, shugabannin Chartist motsi bai da na kowa matsayi a kan hanyoyin da gwagwarmayar 'yancin ma'aikatan.

takarda

A 1838 aka ɓullo da wani na kowa takarda na zanga-zanga, wanda aka kira da jama'ar kasar Yarjejeniya (Peoples shatan). Saboda haka sunan da motsi, wanda goyon bayan Yarjejeniya - Chartism. Key ro tanadi aka gyarawa a maki shida:

• bayar da 'yancin kada kuri'a a duk maza a kan shekaru 21.
• yarjejeniyoyin da dukiya, cancantar ga dama da za a zabe su majalisa.
• halin asiri na zabe.
• daidai zaben gundumomi.
• material lada 'yan majalisar dokokin domin yin majalisu ayyuka.
• shekara-shekara zaben lokaci.

Kamar yadda ka gani, a cikin takarda da aka gano, ba duk da babban ayyuka na Chartist motsi, amma waɗanda game da zaben zuwa ga House of Commons.

A watan Yuli 1839 da takarda da aka sallama a cikin majalisar dokokin kasar da fiye da miliyan 1.2 da sa hannu.

The m Hakika na motsi

A majalisar, da shatan aka ƙi da wani saran adadin kuri'u.

Kwana uku daga baya a Birmingham shirya wani gangami a cikin goyon bayan da takarda, wanda ya ƙare a arangama da 'yan sanda. Karo The sakamakon ya kasance mai yawa jikkata a garesu, kazalika da manyan sikelin-gobara a birnin. Chartist motsi ya fara yi tashin hankali.

The an fara fada a wasu birane a Ingila, misali, a Newport. A motsi da aka wargaza a karshen 1839, da yawa daga cikin shugabannin samu kurkuku sentences, da kuma Chartist motsi ga wani yayin da har yanzu.

Amma shi ne kawai ta wucin gadi sabon abu, a matsayin tushen Chartism kansu ba a shafe ta, da kuma sakamakon da Chartist motsi a wannan mataki bai gamsu da proletariat.

A lokacin rani na 1840 da Jamhuriyar Organization na Chartists aka kafa a Manchester. Yana da aka lashe ta tsakaita reshe na motsi. Yana soma wani ƙuduri su bi su a raga amfani kawai m hanyoyin. Amma nan da nan, da m reshe ya sake komawa ya gabata matsayin kundin tsarin hanyoyin kada a ba da ake so sakamakon.

A gaba Yarjejeniya

A 1842, wani sabon shatan da aka sallama a majalisar. A gaskiya, da bukatun ga shi sun canza ba, amma da aka gabatar a wani fiye da mummunan. A wannan lokaci, da tattara sa hannu kasance fiye da biyu da rabi sau fiye da -. 3.3 miliyan Sa'an nan, sakamakon Chartist motsi kasa faranta membobinta, don haka kamar yadda wannan sabon takarda da aka ƙi da babban rinjaye na 'yan majalisar dokokin. Sa'an nan kuma, kamar yadda na karshe lokaci, a kalaman na tashin hankali, amma a kan wani karami sikelin. Sake bi ta kama, amma saboda wani take hakkin hanya, kusan duk wadanda ake tsare da aka saki.

Bayan wani babba hiatus, a 1848, da wani sabon kalaman na Chartist motsi, tsokane ta da wani m rikicin. A karo na uku a cikin majalisar dokokin kasar da aka sallama a takarda, wannan lokaci dubu miliyan 5. Sa hannu. Duk da haka, wannan al'amari ne mai matuƙar m, saboda sa hannu aka jera a cikin fairly sanannun hali, wanda kawai ba zai iya shiga cikin takarda, kamar Koroleva Viktoriya da manzo Bulus. Lokacin da ta bude, da Yarjejeniya da aka ba ko soma da majalisar domin shawara.

A dalilan da shan kashi na motsi

Daga bisani Chartism Na taba sabunta. Shi ne ya sha kashi. Amma me ya sa da Chartist motsi kasa? Da farko, wannan ya kasance saboda gaskiyar cewa ta wakilan ba a fili fahimta da matuƙar manufa. Bugu da kari, shugabannin Chartists a hanyoyi da dama gani hanyoyin da gwagwarmaya: wasu kira ga yin amfani kawai siyasa wajen, yayin da wasu yi imani da cewa manufar da Chartist motsi ba zai samu ba ta hanyar juyin juya halin.

Muhimmiyar rawa a cikin attenuation na motsi shi ne cewa bayan 1848 Birtaniya tattalin arzikin ya fara dattako, da kuma rayuwar Yunƙurin, wanda hakan ya saukar da mashaya na zamantakewa tashin hankali a cikin al'umma.

effects

A daidai wannan lokaci, za mu iya cewa sakamakon Chartist motsi kasance gaba daya korau. Sun m da kuma gagarumin lokacin da za a iya gani, kamar yadda asasshe Chartism majalisar.

Saboda haka, samun kudin shiga da haraji da aka gabatar a 1842. Yanzu 'yan ƙasa suna kallafa maka bisa ga su samun kudin shiga, ya kuma inganta damar.

A 1846, masara aikinsu aka soke, abin da ya sa cikin abinci yafi tsada. Su kau ya yarda ya rage farashin burodi kayayyakin, saboda haka, rage kudin da matalauta.

Babban nasara da motsi dauke da doka karu a 1847, da aiki rana ga mata da kuma yara zuwa goma hours a rana.

Bayan haka, aiki motsi ya tsaya ga wani dogon lokaci, amma farfado sake a cikin marigayi 60-ies na XIX karni a cikin nau'i na kwadago (kwadago motsi).