Counterattack a Stalingrad, Ayyukan Uranus: hanya, kwanakin, mahalarta

Stalingrad ya zama wani wuri inda akwai wani m canji na Great Patriotic War kuma yakin duniya na II. Kuma ya fara ne tare da nasarar Red Army mai nasara, mai suna "Uranus."

Abubuwan da ake bukata

Harshen Soviet a Stalingrad ya fara ne a cikin watan Nuwambar 1942, amma shirye-shiryen shirin don wannan aiki a hedkwatar Dokar Koli ta fara a watan Satumba. A cikin kaka da Jamusanci zuwa Margaret Volga ya rushe. Ga bangarorin biyu Stalingrad ya kasance muhimmiyar mahimmanci a hankalinsu da kuma tsinkaye. An kira wannan birni bayan shugaban jihar Soviet. Da zarar Stalin ya jagoranci Tsaritsyn ta kare da fata a lokacin yakin basasa. Don rashin wannan birni, daga ra'ayi na akidar Soviet, ba abin tsammani ba ne. Bugu da ƙari, idan Jamus sun kafa iko akan ƙananan ƙasashe na Volga, za su iya dakatar da samar da abinci, man fetur da sauran albarkatu masu muhimmanci.

Ga dukan dalilan da ke sama, an yi amfani da magunguna a Stalingrad tare da kulawa ta musamman. Wannan lamarin yana da kyau ga halin da ake ciki a gaba. Ƙungiyoyin na dan lokaci sun canza zuwa yaki. A ƙarshe, a ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1942, Stalin ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniya mai banƙyama, "Uranus," kuma ya amince da GHQ.

Shirin farko

Ta yaya shugabannin Soviet suka so su ga magunguna a Stalingrad? A karkashin shirin, a kudu maso yammacin yamma karkashin jagorancin Nikolai Vatutin ya buge shi a wani yanki na garin Serafimovich, wanda Jamus ke da shi a lokacin rani. An umarci wannan rukuni don karya ta aƙalla kimanin kilomita 120. Wani mawuyacin hali shine Stalingrad Front. An zaba shafin yanar-gizon sa na Sarpinskie Lake. Bayan kimanin kilomita 100, sojojin gaba sun hadu da Kudu-Western Front kusa da Kalach-Sovetskiy. Saboda haka, an rarraba sassan Jamus a Stalingrad.

An shirya cewa za a tallafa wa masu zanga-zanga a Stalingrad da karawar Don Front a cikin yankunan Kachalinskaya da Kletskaya. A GHQ, sun yi ƙoƙarin ƙayyade ƙananan sassa na abokan gaba. A ƙarshe, shirin da ya fara aiki ya fara kasancewa cewa hare-haren da ake yi na Red Army sun yi amfani da su a baya da kuma flank daga cikin mafi yawan maganganun da suka shafi rikici da haɗari. A can ne suka kasance mafi munin kare. Na gode wa kungiyar mai kyau, Operation Uranus ya kasance asirin ga Jamus har zuwa ranar da ta fara. Hukuncin da ba a sani ba da haɗin ayyukan Soviet sun taka rawar gani.

Makiya Sassan

Kamar yadda aka shirya, tashin hankali na Soviet a Stalingrad ya fara ranar 19 ga Nuwamba. An shirya shi da shiri mai mahimmanci. Kafin alfijir, yanayin ya sake canzawa, wanda ya gyara tsarin shirin. Fuskar ruwan sama ba ta ƙyale jirgin ya kaddamar da jirgin sama ba, tun lokacin da ganuwa ta kasance maras nauyi. Sabili da haka, babban abin da aka mayar da hankali shi ne kan shirye shiryen kayan aiki.

Rundunar ta farko da aka kai farmaki ita ce rundunar dakarun Faransa 3, wanda sojojin Soviet suka karya tsaronta. A baya bayanan ya tsaya Jamus. Sun yi kokarin dakatar da mutanen Red Army, amma sun kasa. An gama shan kashi na abokan gaba ta farko daga Panzer Corps karkashin jagorancin Vasily Butkov da kuma Panzer Corps na 26 na Alexei Rodin. Wadannan raka'a, bayan sun cika aikin, sun fara tafiya zuwa Kalach.

Kashegari, magungunan sassan Stalingrad Front ya fara. A rana ta farko, wa] annan} ungiyoyin sun ha] a da kilomita 9, ta hanyar keta makaman kare dangi a kan kudanci. Bayan kwanaki biyu na fada, an kori kashi uku na Jamhuriyar Jamus. Sakamakon nasarar Rundunar Red Army ta gigice kuma ta damu da Hitler. The Wehrmacht ya yanke shawarar cewa za a iya fitar da ƙararrawa ta hanyar tarwatsa sojojin. Daga bisani, bayan da aka yi la'akari da zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa don aiki, sai Jamus ta sake komawa Stalingrad wasu ƙungiyoyi biyu, waɗanda suka yi aiki a gabashin Caucasus. Paulus har zuwa ranar da aka gama zagaye na ƙarshe, ya ci gaba da aika da rahotanni masu nasara ga mahaifarsa. Ya sake maimaita cewa ba zai bar Volga ba kuma ba zai yarda da yakar sojojinsa 6 ba.

Ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba, 4th da 26th Panzer Corps na Kudu-Western Front suka isa Manolin Farm. A nan sun yi aiki mai ban mamaki, suna juya zuwa gabas. Yanzu waɗannan sassa sun mike tsaye zuwa Don da Kalach. Gaba na Red Army kokarin hana da 24th Armoured Division na Wehrmacht, amma duk da yunkurin kai ga kome ba. A wannan lokaci, umarni na sojan sojin 6th Paulus ya sake komawa garin Nizhniechirskaya, yana tsoron kada a kai shi hari ta hanyar harin da sojojin Soviet suka kai.

Ayyukan "Uranus" sun sake nuna jaruntaka na Red Army. Alal misali, ƙaddamar da gaba na 26 na Panzer Corps a kan tankuna da motocin motar hawa a fadin Don River kusa da Kalach. Germans sun zama masu banza - sun yanke shawara cewa wani sashin zumunci, wanda ke da kayan kayan sojan Soviet, yana motsi zuwa gare su. Da yin amfani da wannan sanannen, sojojin Red Army sun lalata masu tsaro da shakatawa, suna jiran babban hafsan hafsoshin soja. Rundunar ta tsaya a matsayinsu, duk da cikewar rikici da makiya suka yi. A ƙarshe dai, Bangaren 19 na Tank, ya shiga cikin shi. Wadannan hanyoyi guda biyu sun tabbatar da sauya manyan sojojin Soviet, wadanda suke sha'awar hawa Don a yankin Kalach. Saboda haka, an bai wa shugabannin kwamandojin Georgi Filippov da Nikolai Filippenko cancanci a ba da suna Hero na Soviet Union.

Ranar 23 ga watan Nuwamba, rahotannin Soviet sun karbe iko da Kalach, inda aka kama sojoji 1,500 na sojojin dakarun. Wannan ma'anar maƙasudin Jamus ne da abokan haɗin da suka rage a Stalingrad da kuma rikici tsakanin Volga da Don. Ayyukan "Uranus" sun ci nasara a matakin farko. Yanzu mutane 330 ne suka yi aiki a cikin Wehrmacht, dole ne su karya ta hanyar zoben Soviet. A halin da ake ciki, kwamandan kwamandan 6 na Panzer Army Paulus ya bukaci Hitler izinin shiga ta kudu maso gabas. Fuhrer ya ki. Tare da wadannan mayakan Wehrmacht, wanda ba a da nisa daga Stalingrad, amma ba a kewaye da su ba, sun haɗa kansu a cikin wani dakarun "Don". Wannan darasi ya kamata a taimaka wa Paulus ya karya ta kewaye da kuma kiyaye birnin. Yan Jamus sun kama cikin tarko ba su da wani abin da za su yi amma jira don taimakon 'yan uwansu daga waje.

Gwaninta marasa tabbas

Duk da cewa farkon Soviet counter-mummunan a Stalingrad ya kai ga kewaye da babban ɓangare na sojojin Jamus, wannan nasara ba shakka ba ya nufin cewa aiki ya gama. Rundunar Sojoji ta Red Army sun ci gaba da kai hare-hare a kan makamai. Ƙungiyar Wehrmacht ta kasance mai girma, don haka a Stavka yana fatan ya karya ta hanyar tsaro kuma ya raba shi cikin akalla biyu sassa. Duk da haka, saboda gaskiyar cewa an riga an yi gaba da gaba, ƙaddamar da sojojin abokan gaba ya zama mafi girma. Rashin lafiyar Soviet a Stalingrad ya ragu.

A halin yanzu, Wehrmacht ya shirya wani shiri na Operation Wintergewitter (wanda ake fassara shi ne "Tsutsawar Huturuwa"). Its nufin ya tabbatar da kawar da encirclement na 6th Army karkashin jagorancin Fridriha Paulyusa. Dole ne sojojin Don Don su rushe shi. An tsara shirin da kuma aiwatar da aikin aikin Wintergewitter zuwa filin Marshal Erich von Manstein. Babban mawuyacin karfi na Jamus a wannan lokacin shine sojojin 4 na Tankoki karkashin umurnin Herman Goth.

Wintergewitter

A lokacin mahimmancin yakin, ma'auni yana karkata zuwa gefe ɗaya ko ɗaya, kuma har zuwa karshen lokacin da ya tabbata babu wanda zai zama nasara. Don haka shi ne a kan bankunan Volga a ƙarshen 1942. An fara farautar Soviet a Stalingrad domin Red Army. Duk da haka, ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, Jamus sun yi ƙoƙari su dauki aikin da kansu. A yau, Manstein da Goth sun fara aiwatar da shirin "Wintergewitter."

Saboda gaskiyar cewa 'yan Jamus sun kai hari daga ƙauyen Kotelnikovo, ana kiran wannan Kotelnikovskaya. Bugawar ba ta zato ba tsammani. Rundunar Red Army ta fahimci cewa Wehrmacht zai yi ƙoƙari ya karya ta hanyar shiga daga waje, amma harin daga Kotelnikovo na ɗaya daga cikin mafi la'akari da zaɓuɓɓukan don bunkasa halin da ake ciki. A kan hanyar Jamus, wa anda suke ƙoƙari su zo don ceton 'yan uwansu, na farko shine ƙungiyar' yan bindigar 302. An rarraba ta gaba daya kuma an tsara shi. Don haka Goth ya gudanar da gagarumin raguwa a wurare da sojojin 51th suka mallaka.

Ranar 13 ga watan Disambar, 6th Panzer Division na Wehrmacht ya kai hari kan mukamin da jirgin saman Tanki na 234 ya yi na goyon baya da Kundin Tanki na Kasa na 235 da Brigade na Rundunar Soja na 20. Wadannan raka'a sun umarci Lieutenant-Colonel Mikhail Diasamidze. Har ila yau a kusa da shi ne ƙungiyar ta 4 na Vasily Flightsky. Ƙungiyoyin Soviet sun kasance kusa da kauyen Verkhne-Kumsky. Ayyukan sojojin sojan Soviet da kuma raga na Wehrmacht don kula da shi sunyi kwana shida.

Gwagwarmayar, wadda ta zo tare da nasarori daban-daban na bangarorin biyu, kusan ya ƙare a ranar Disamba 19. An ƙarfafa rukunin Jamusanci tare da sabbin abubuwa daga baya. Wannan taron ya tilasta shugabannin Soviet su koma zuwa ga Myshkov River. Duk da haka, wannan aikin jinkirin kwanaki biyar ya bugawa hannun Red Army. A lokacin da sojoji suka yi yaki a kowane titi a Verkhne-Kumsky, rundunar soja ta biyu ta kusa kusa da yankin.

M lokaci

Ranar 20 ga watan Disamba, sojojin Goth da Paulus sun rabu da kusan kilomita 40. Duk da haka, Jamus, wanda ke ƙoƙarin tserewa ta hanyar dagewa, ya riga ya rasa rabin ma'aikata. Wannan mummunan ya jinkirin kuma, a ƙarshe, ya tsaya. Goth ya wuce. Yanzu, don taimakawa ta hanyar tseren Soviet, ana bukatar taimakon taimakon Jamus. Shirye-shiryen da ake amfani da shi a lokacin da aka yi amfani da Wintergewitter a cikin ka'idar ya hada da ƙarin shirin Donnershlag. Ya ƙunshi cewa da aka katange rundunar soja ta 6 na Paulus shine sadu da abokan hulɗa da suke ƙoƙarin karya wannan shinge.

Duk da haka, wannan ra'ayin bai taba gane ba. A daidai wannan tsari na Hitler "ba zai fita daga sansanin Stalingrad ba." Idan Paulus ya rabu da sautin kuma ya haɗa da Goth, to, zai bar birnin bayansa. Führer yayi la'akari da irin abubuwan da suka faru a duk wani abin da ya faru. Ya dakatar da shi ne. Lalle ne, idan Bulusus ya yi yaqi a hanyarsa ta Soviet, to an yi masa kokari a cikin mahaifarsa a matsayin mai satar. Ya fahimci wannan kyakkyawar kuma bai dauki wannan shiri a lokaci mafi muhimmanci ba.

Manstein ya koma baya

A halin yanzu, a gefen hagu na hare-hare na Jamus da abokansu, sojojin Soviet sun iya bayar da kararraki mai karfi. Ƙungiyoyin Italiyanci da Romaniya, suna fada a kan wannan bangare na gaba, sun sake dawowa da juna. Jirgin ya ɗauki nau'in nau'i mai nau'i. Mutane sun bar matsayinsu ba tare da neman baya ba. Yanzu sojojin Red Army sun bude hanya zuwa Kamensk-Shakhtinsky a kan bankin Severny Donets River. Duk da haka, babban aikin na Soviet raka'a an shafe Rostov. Bugu da} ari, manyan tashar jiragen sama na Tatsinskaya da Morozovsk sun kasance tsirara, wa] anda suka wajaba ga Wehrmacht don gaggauta kawo abinci da sauran albarkatun.

A wannan batun, a kan Disamba 23, kwamandan da aiki da karya da kawancen Manstein umurce su da su koma baya, domin kare su da ãyõyin kayayyakin more rayuwa, located in raya. Rundunar sojojin soja ta biyu, Rodion Malinovsky, ta yi amfani da ita a matsayin mai amfani da makiya. Gannun Jamus sun miƙa su kuma sun kasance marasa lafiya. Ranar 24 ga watan Disamba, sojojin Soviet sun sake shiga Verkhne-Kumsky. A wannan rana, Stalingrad Front ta kaddamar da kuskure ga Kotelnikovo. Goth da Paulus ba zasu iya haɗuwa da kuma samar da wata hanya ta hanyar komawa Jamus ba. An dakatar da aikin aikin Wintergewitter.

Ƙarshen aikin Uranium

Ranar 8 ga watan Janairu, 1943, lokacin da Jamusanci suka zama marasa tabbas, umurnin Red Army ya ba da mahimmanci ga abokan gaba. Paulus ya zama shugaban. Duk da haka, ya ƙi yin wannan, bin bin umurnin Hitler, wanda wanda rashin nasararsa a Stalingrad zai zama mummunan rauni. Lokacin da suka koyi a cikin Stavka cewa Paulus ya ci gaba da kansa, har yanzu sojojin na Red Army sun sake komawa da karfi.

Ranar 10 ga watan Janairu, Don Front ya fara farautar abokan gaba. A cewar kimanin kimanin kimanin 250,000 an kama su. Sojojin na Soviet a Stalingrad sun yi tsawon watanni biyu, kuma yanzu an buƙaci karshe don kammala shi. Ranar 26 ga watan Janairu, ƙungiyar Wehrmacht kewaye da ita ta kasu kashi biyu. Kudancin kudancin ya kasance a tsakiyar Stalingrad, a yankin Barrikady da tsire-tsire a arewacin. Ranar 31 ga watan Janairu, Bulus da mataimakansa suka sallama. Ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairun, an kaddamar da gwagwarmaya na karshe na Jamus. A wannan rana, dakarun Soviet masu zanga-zanga a Stalingrad sun ƙare. Kwanan wata, har ma, ya zama na karshe ga dukan yakin a kan bankunan Volga.

Sakamako

Mene ne dalilai na nasarar nasarar Soviet a Stalingrad? A ƙarshen 1942, Wehrmacht ya gudu daga sabbin albarkatun bil'adama. Don jefa cikin fadace-fadace a gabas babu kowa. Sauran sojojin sun gaji. Stalingrad ya zama mummunar matsayi na Jamus. A cikin tsohuwar Tsaritsyn ya yi nasara.

Sakamakon tashin hankali a Stalingrad shine makullin dukan yakin. Rundunar Red Army, ta hanyar da dama, ta kasance ta fara zagaye, sa'an nan kuma ta kashe abokin gaba. An rarraba kashi 32 da raunin abokan gaba da kuma 3 brigades. A cikin duka, 'yan Jamus da abokansu a "Axis" sun rasa kimanin mutane 800,000. Harsunan Soviet sun kasance masu yawa. Rundunar Red Army ta rasa mutane 485,000, wanda aka kashe mutane 155,000.

A cikin rabin watanni biyu da rabi na kewaye, Jamus bai yi ƙoƙari ya kwance daga cikin kewaye daga ciki ba. Sun yi tsammani taimako daga "babban duniya", amma gungun da Rundunar sojojin "Don" daga waje ta kasa. Duk da haka, saboda lokacin da aka ba da Nazis, sun kafa tsarin tsabtatawa da iska, tare da taimakawa wajen kimanin sojoji dubu 50 daga cikin mayakan (mafi yawancin sun ji rauni). Wadanda suka kasance a cikin zobe sun mutu ko aka kama su.

An yi nasarar aiwatar da shirin da aka haramta a Stalingrad. Rundunar Red Army ta kaddamar da yakin. Bayan wannan nasarar, wani tsari mai sauƙi na kyauta yankin ƙasar Soviet daga aikin Nazi ya fara. Bugu da ƙari, yakin Stalingrad, wanda ya sa ƙungiyar Soviet Soja ta zama karo na ƙarshe, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fadace-fadacen da suka fi girma a cikin tarihin 'yan Adam. Yaƙe-yaƙe a kan konewa, bama-bamai da kuma rushe gada sun kasance da wahala ta yanayin hunturu. Daga yanayin sanyi da cututtukan da cutar ta haifar da shi, masu kare kare dangi sun mutu. Duk da haka, an ceto birnin (kuma bayansa dukan Soviet Union). Sunan rikice-rikice a Stalingrad - "Uranus" - an rubuta shi a tarihin soja har abada.

Dalilin dalili na shan kashi na Wehrmacht

Daga baya, bayan ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, Manstein ya wallafa abubuwan tunawa, wanda, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, aka kwatanta dalla-dalla yadda suka kasance game da yakin Stalingrad da Soviet masu adawa da shi. Ya zargi Hitler cewa rundunar sojojin 6 ta kewaye shi. Fuhrer bai so ya mika wuya ga Stalingrad ba saboda haka ya sanya inuwa a kan sunansa. Saboda haka, Jamus sun kasance a farkon filin wasa, sa'an nan kuma an kewaye su.

A cikin sojojin na uku Reich sun sauran rikitarwa. Kai da jirgin sama bai isa ga samar da zama dole division kewaye harsasai, abinci da man. Air corridor da aka ba amfani har karshen. Bugu da kari, Manstein ambata cewa Paulus ki karya ta Soviet zobe zuwa ga Gotha saboda rashin man fetur da kuma tsoron zuwa sha a karshe shan kashi, yayin da har yanzu rashin biyayya da umurni da Fuhrer.