Dabbobi da shuke-shuke na steppe. Kayan dabbobi masu nisa da abubuwan fasalinsu. Ta yaya tsire-tsire a cikin steppe ya dace

Steppe yana haɗuwa da yanayi mai ban mamaki da kuma shimfidar wuri mai ban mamaki. Yana da ban sha'awa da kyawawan kyawawan abubuwan da suke da shi. Zai yiwu a yi la'akari da nisa a cikin nesa kuma ganin kawai tarin duwatsu a sararin sama. Dabbobi da tsire-tsire na steppe suna da banbanci, basu damu da nau'in nau'ikan iri ba, amma har da ikon su na dacewa da rayuwa a irin wannan yanayi. Matsayi shine duniya na musamman, nazarin rayuwar da aka tsara ayyukan masana kimiyya da yawa.

Ƙasar na steppe

Yanayin da aka samu na steppe a kan wani yanki sune siffofin taimako da sauran dalilan da zasu ƙayyade yanayin, wanda zai haifar da rashin ruwa a cikin ƙasa. Wannan tsarin mulki zai iya jurewa a cikin shekara ko bayyana a wasu lokuta. A sakamakon wannan yanayin, ciyayi a cikin steppe ya bayyana ko dai a farkon lokacin bazara, lokacin da ruwan teku ya kasance a cikin zurfin ƙasa, ko a lokacin ruwan sama, ko da yake ba su bambanta da yawan hazo, amma suna iya samar da tsire-tsire da danshi. Wasu nau'o'in flora zasu iya daidaitawa don kasancewar kasancewa a cikin yanayin ruwan kasa. Saboda haka, yanki mai tsayi yana da ƙasa tare da wasu irin ciyayi, yafi ciyawa da ciyawa. Wurin gandun daji, idan akwai, ana samuwa a cikin ƙananan layi, inda saboda dusar ƙanƙara, an ƙara yawan abun ciki na ƙasa. A waje da yankunan ƙasashen ƙasa, alal misali a cikin tsangwama, babu yanayin da za a bayyana gandun dajin, tun da ƙasa a kan wannan shafin ya bushe sosai. A ƙarƙashin yanayin sauyin yanayi, shrubs zasu iya bayyana a steppe.

Ana iya samun alamar steppe a dukkanin cibiyoyin, banda Antarctica. Suna kan iyaka a tsakanin gandun daji da yankunan hamada. An kafa matakai na Steppe a cikin belts da kuma ƙananan belts ɗin biyu. A ƙasa a cikin steppe ne yafi chernozems. A kudu za ka iya samun chestnut kasa da kuma gishiri Marshes.

A lokacin shekara, da steppe zone, da shuke-shuke da dabbobi da su ne kullum a bukatar danshi, na'am game da 400 mm na ruwan sama. Gaskiya ne, a lokacin fari, ruwan sama yana da wuya sosai, har shekara guda karfin su ba zai kai 200 mm ba. Dangane da yanayin wuri na steppe, ƙimar yawancin samaniya a kowani kakar ya bambanta ƙwarai. A cikin yankunan yammacin, an rarraba haɗuwa da kyau a cikin watanni. A gefen gabashin yawan adadin hazo da aka ƙayyade a lokacin hunturu da matsakaicin adadin lokacin rani.

Dabbobi da tsire-tsire na tumaki na Kazakhstan suna da damar da za su dace da yanayin yanayin rayuwa a cikin steppe. A cikin wannan yankin m, yawan ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana da 279 mm. A cikin wannan shekara mai sanyi zai iya kawo su har zuwa 576 mm, kuma a cikin lokacin fari ya wuce 135 mm. Yawancin lokaci bayan lokaci mai arziki a ruwan sama, wata shekara mai tsananin zafi ta biyo baya.

Girman yanayi a cikin steppe

A cikin steppe, akwai haɓakaccen zafin jiki, wanda ya danganci a kakar da kuma lokacin rana. Tsire-tsire da kuma dabbobin da ke cikin ƙasa suna dogara ne akan waɗannan canje-canje. A lokacin rani mai zafi yana da zafi, rana tana haskakawa. The talakawan zafin jiki a watan Yuli a yammacin Turai tsakanin 21 da 26 digiri. A gabas, darajansa ya kai digiri 26. Da farko na kaka, yawan zafin jiki zai fara saukewa, ya fi karfi. A yankunan gabashin steppe, dusar ƙanƙara ta bayyana a ƙarshen Oktoba. Yankuna na Yankin Bahar Maliya, sune a cikin yanayi, an rufe su da dusar ƙanƙara a ƙarshen Nuwamba. Saboda haka, duk mai rai a cikin wadannan yankunan suna iya zama a cikin unpredictable yanayin yanayi, kamar herbaceous shuke-shuke steppe resistant ba kawai fari, amma kuma a da karfi frosts.

Gaba ɗaya, iyakokin bazara da kaka a steppe suna da wuya a ƙayyade. Wannan shi ne saboda bambanci tsakanin iska da rana da dare. By karshen watan Satumba, wadannan bambance-bambance ne sosai pronounced oscillation amplitude iya isa 25 digiri. Yana yiwuwa a fahimci cewa hunturu ya dawo, ta hanyar kallon tsire-tsire na steppe. A cikin bazara, godiya ga rana mai haske da ƙasa, cike da laka bayan narkewar dusar ƙanƙara, sun kasance a ƙasa tare da launi mai launi. Ana lura da bambancin zazzabi a cikin yanayi daban-daban. Matsakanin zafi a steppe a lokacin rani shine +5 digiri, kuma a cikin hunturu zai iya sauke zuwa -50. Saboda haka, a cikin steppe, idan aka kwatanta da wasu yankunan climatic, alal misali, tare da hamada, yawan yanayin hawan zazzabi ana kiyaye su.

Halin da ake nufi da steppe da canji sauyin yanayi a lokaci guda na shekara. Dawowar kwatsam zata fara a watan Afrilu ko Nuwamba, kuma a tsakiyar zafi mai zafi akwai kwatsam mai sanyi. A karkashin irin wannan yanayi, dabbobin da tsire-tsire suna da matsakaicin jimiri da halaye na musamman waɗanda zasu ba su damar daidaita yanayin sauyawa.

Rivers a steppe

Ruwa mai zurfi a cikin tudu suna da wuya. Kuma ƙananan kõguna suna da wuyar yin yaƙi da irin wannan yanayi marar tabbas, sun bushe da sauri. Iyakar damar da za'a samu don farfadowa shine shekaru masu arziki a yawan ruwan sama. Ruwa na ruwa ba zai iya rinjayar yawan ruwa a cikin kogi na bushewa ba, sai dai idan akwai ruwan sha. Amma tsawon ruwan sama na tsawon lokaci, yana da tsabta har tsawon makonni, zai iya ƙara yawan ruwa na ƙananan kõguna. Dukkan wannan yana haifar da rayuwa a cikin dabba ta dabbobi, wanda a hanyoyi daban-daban sun dace da rashin ruwa. Tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire suna haɗuwa da asalinsu masu tsawo, waɗanda suka shiga cikin ƙasa zuwa zurfin zurfin, inda danshi zai iya zama ko da a cikin fari mai tsanani.

Lokacin kawai lokacin da koguna kusan suka bushe sun zama koguna mai ruwaye, wannan ambaliya ta ambaliya. Jets na ruwa rush ta steppe, diluting kasar gona. Wannan yana taimakawa ga rashin gandun daji, da sauri ta narkewa ƙarƙashin rinjayar rana mai zafi, dusar ƙanƙara, noma ƙasa.

Rabin ruwa na steppe ya bambanta dangane da yanayin wuri. Ƙananan yankuna a Turai suna cike da hanyar sadarwa na ƙananan ƙananan koguna. Yankunan yammacin Siberia da yankunan karkara na Kazakhstan sune sarƙaƙan kananan tafkuna. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan gungu a duniya yana cikin yankin Siberian-Kazakh steppe. Suna adadin kusan 25,000. Daga cikin wadannan tafkuna suna da tafki da kusan kowane nau'i na fadadawa: sabo mai tsabta, maras ruwa, ruwa mai zurfi.

Daban-zane iri-iri

A kowane kusurwa na duniya, yankin na steppe yana da halaye na kansa. Dabbobi da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire sun bambanta a yankuna daban daban. A cikin Eurasia, yankunan da ke da alamun yanayi suna kiransa steppes. Makirci da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire a Arewacin Amirka na da kyau. A Kudancin Amirka, an kira su pampas, a New Zealand, ana kiran 'yan sanda ne Tussoks. Kowace wa annan wurare an bambanta ta yanayi mai mahimmanci wanda ke ƙayyade nau'ikan nau'in shuke-shuke da dabbobin da ke cikin yankin da aka ba su.

Pampa yana da mahimmanci ga Argentina. Yana da wani ɓangare na mataki na subtropical tare da yanayin yanayi. Summer a wadannan yankunan yana da zafi, yawan zazzabi yana cikin iyakar 20 zuwa 24 digiri. Sannu-sannu tafi cikin sanyi mai sanyi da matsakaicin yanayin zafi mai kyau daga digiri 6 zuwa 10. Kashi na gabashin pampa a Argentina yana da wadata a cikin danshi, domin shekara guda a nan ya sauka daga 800 zuwa 950 mm na hazo. Yankin yamma na Pampa na Argentine yana samun ruwan sama sau biyu. Pampa a Argentina yana da ƙasa na ƙasa mai ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarancin ƙasa, m ko launin toka-launin ruwan kasa. Saboda haka, shi ne tushen tushen ci gaban noma da dabbobi a kasar.

Kudancin Arewacin Amirka suna kama da yanayin da suke da su na Eurasia. Ruwan ruwan sama na yau da kullum a yankin da ke tsakanin gandun daji da bishiyoyin da ke kusa da ita na da kusan 800 mm. A arewacin shi ya ragu zuwa 500 mm, kuma a kudu ya kai 1000. A cikin shekaru bushe, adadin hazo yana ragu da kashi huɗu. Yanayin yanayin zafi a cikin gonaki sun bambanta da yawa dangane da latitude inda wannan yanki yake tsaye. A yankunan kudancin, yawancin zafin jiki a hunturu ba ya sauke digiri a ƙasa, kuma a cikin latitudes a arewacin zai iya kai yawanta na digiri 50.

A cikin steppe na New Zealand, da ake kira Tussoks, akwai raƙuman ruwa a cikin shekara, a wurare har zuwa 330 mm. Wadannan shafuka suna daya daga cikin mafi muni, a cikin yanayin su suna kama da rami.

Dabbobi masu rarrafe da tsuntsaye

A cikin steppe, duk da yanayin mummunan da maras tabbas, akwai dabbobi da dama. Yankunan steppe a Eurasia suna da gida kusan kusan nau'in nau'in mammals. Kashi na uku na wannan lamarin yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin steppe, sauran dabbobi sun koma zuwa waɗannan yankunan daga yankunan da ke cikin yankunan da ke da ƙaura da kuma hamada. Duk dabbobin da ta hanyar mu'ujiza sun haɗu da rayuwa a yanayi na musamman da kuma yanayi mai ban mamaki. A steppe characterizes babban adadin rodents inhabiting shi. Wadannan sun hada da ƙasa squirrels, hamsters, voles, beraye, gerbils, da kuma waɗansu da yawa. Mutane da yawa a cikin steppe da kananan predators: foxes, ferrets, ermines, martens. Adiabatic dabbobi na steppe-hagu sun daidaita da yanayin da steppe sauyin yanayi.

Bugu da ƙari, dabbobin da suke rayuwa ne kawai a cikin steppe, akwai tsuntsayen tsuntsaye, kuma halayen kawai ne kawai ga wannan yanki. Gaskiya ne, ba su da yawa daga cikinsu, da kuma noma wurare suna haifar da rashin hasara. A cikin steppe akwai bustard, a kasarmu ana iya ganinsa a cikin Transbaikalia da yankin Saratov, da kuma bustle, wanda aka samo a cikin Kudancin Urals, a tsakiyar yankin Lower Volga. Kafin shinge gonaki a yankin na farko, wanda zai iya haɗuwa da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa da ƙuƙwalwa. A halin yanzu, waɗannan tsuntsaye suna zuwa ido ga mutum sosai da wuya.

Daga cikin tsuntsaye a steppe akwai mutane da yawa predators. Wadannan su ne manyan samfurori: tsaka-tsalle, gaggawa, tsaka-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle, binnewa. Kuma kananan wakilan tsuntsaye: falcons-kobchiki, kestrels.

Abin farin ciki a cikin steppe larks, chibis, avdotki. Yawancin tsuntsaye dake zaune a yankunan ambaliyar ruwa, a kan iyaka da gandun bishiyoyi ko kusa da tabkuna da kogunan ruwa, sun koma yankin gabas daga cikin gandun daji.

Mazaunan mazaunan da ke zaune a cikin tudu suna da dabbobi masu rarrafe

Ba za a iya tunanin bazarar wuri ba tare da shigar da dabbobi masu rarrafe a rayuwarsa ba. Yaransu ba su da yawa, amma waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe suna cikin ɓangare na steppe.

Daya daga cikin wakilai masu launin fure-fure shine rawaya-rawaya. Ya kusan kusan mita biyu, amma farin ciki da babban maciji. An bayyana halin wuce gona da iri. Ba kamar sauran macizai ba lokacin da suka sadu da wani mutum, ba ta kokarin yin fashi da gaggawa, amma ba ta da karfi sosai, amma yana ta da murya sosai, a kan abokan gaba. Ba za a iya cutar da mummunan cutar ba ga mutum, baƙansa ba hatsari ba ne. Irin wannan gwagwarmaya za ta kawo karshen bakin ciki, mafi mahimmanci ga mai kayatarwa. A sakamakon mummunan tashin hankali, wadannan dabbobi masu rarrafe sun fara ɓacewa daga yankunan da suka fara aiki.

Hakanan ana iya ganin ciki a ciki a kan tsaunukan dutsen sosai da rana. A wa annan wurare mai jin dadi yana jin dadi sosai kuma a nan yana son farautar.

Wani maciji, halayyar ga steppe - viper. Its mafaka ne burrows watsi na kananan rodents. Maciji hunts, mafi yawa marigayi da dare da kuma dare, a cikin kwanakin zafi na rana mai tsinkaye yana raguwa a rana, yana shimfiɗa a kan dutse. Wannan nau'in ba ya son ya shiga yaki tare da mutum kuma a ganinsa yayi ƙoƙarin ɓoyewa. Idan, ta hanyar da gangancin tafiya a kan maciji, sai ta gaggauta kullun a kan wani matafiyi mai kulawa, barin barci mai guba a jikinsa.

A cikin steppe, akwai hanyoyi masu yawa daban-daban. Wadannan dabbobin brisk sunyi kisa, suna haskakawa a hasken rana tare da tabarau mai ban mamaki.

Tabbasin tsari - hanya ce ta tsira a steppe

Hanyoyi na dabbobin dabba suna jagorancin rayuwarsu a cikin yanayin da ke da wuya. Sun sami damar daidaitawa a fili, yanayin bambance-bambance, rashin abinci mai yawa, rashin ruwa.

Bukatar da aka dogara da shi shine abin da duk dabbobi ke tattare. Ƙananan yankunan suna da kyau a bayyane, kuma ƙananan dabbobi ba za a iya ceton su ba daga tsararraki ba tare da tsari mai kyau ba. A matsayin mafaka, yawancin dabbobi suna amfani da burrows inda suke ciyar mafi yawan lokaci. Gurasar ba kawai kare fauna daga hatsari ba, amma kuma taimakawa wajen tserewa daga yanayin yanayi mara kyau, zama a matsayin mahalli ga dabbobi a lokacin hibernation. Akwai wurin cewa mambobi suna girma da jikinsu, suna kare shi daga duk haɗari na waje. Kwayoyin digging sun fi dacewa da rodents: mice, hamsters, voles. Suna iya yin ramuka a cikin ƙasa mai busassun ƙasa.

Bugu da ƙari, ga rodents, a cikin wani hadari mai hadari a cikin yanayi na shimfidar wuri manyan dabbobi ma bukatar. Foxes da kuma badgers kuma suna tono burrows, da kuma wadanda fauna da ba zai iya tono wani rami a kansu kokarin ƙoƙari ya dauki wani baƙo. Gidajen foxes sau da yawa yakan zama, alal misali, ganimar warketai, da ƙananan magoya baya - ɓoye da maƙera, da kuma macizai - zauna a cikin manyan burrows na ƙasa squirrels. A cikin burrows, ko da wasu tsuntsaye suna boye daga hatsari, alal misali, hoopoes da owls. Dole ne a gina gine-gine na tsuntsaye a kan ƙasa, domin a cikin shinge ko dutsen bishiyoyi ne kawai ba za'a iya samuwa ba.

Kullum a cikin rami ba zai yi aiki ba, saboda kuna buƙatar samun abinci. Kowace dabba dabba tana dacewa da hanyarsa zuwa barazanar barazana ga magunguna.

Wasu wakilan fauna suna iya gudu da sauri. Wadannan sun hada da saiga, hare-hare, jigon. Hanyar kariya kuma launi. Dabbobi na farko suna da launin toka mai launin toka ko launi, wanda ya ba su izinin kada su fito waje da yanayin da ke kewaye.

Girmanci shine halayyar mazaunan yankin na steppe. Komawa dabbobi masu cin nama suna cin abinci a ƙarƙashin ido mai kula da shugabanninsu, wanda idan lamarin ya faru ya ba da alama, kuma garken zai rabu da wurin. Yi hankali sosai, misali, gophers. Suna ci gaba da dubawa, suna sarrafa abin da ke faruwa a kusa. Da jin wani abu mai dadi, gopher nan da nan ya sanar da dangin game da wannan, kuma suna ɓoye a cikin burrows. Gyara da kuma nan take take bada izini ga dabbobi da dama su zama masu rinjaye har ma a fili.

Saduwa da yanayin yanayi

Dabbobi suna jituwa don canjin canjin lokacin rana. Wadannan haɓakawa sun ƙayyade aikin mambobi a lokuta daban-daban. Mafi kyawun tsuntsaye a lokacin safiya, mambobi suna fitowa daga ramunansu da safe da maraice. Yawancin dabbobi sun kasance suna ɓoyewa daga hasken rana da rana. Hanyoyi ne sai dai idan dabbobi masu rarrafe suna so su kwanta a kan duwatsu masu zafi.

Tare da tsarin hunturu, rayuwa a cikin steppe freezes. Yawancin dabbobin suna fada cikin lalata saboda dukan sanyi, suna cikin ramuka. Saboda haka, gophers, hedgehogs, jerboas, dabbobi masu rarrafe da kwari suna jira spring. Tsuntsaye da dawaki don hunturu suna zuwa ƙasashe masu zafi. Wa] annan 'yan sandan da za su ciyar da hunturu, farke, ana ajiye su tare da abinci. Hamsters gudanar da kawo su rami har zuwa da yawa kilo hatsi. Molejees duk hunturu sukan ci tushen tsire-tsire da tsire-tsire acorns a lokacin rani. Alal misali, burbushin burrow ba ya bayyana a duk duniya a cikin hunturu. Kafin farkon yanayin sanyi, yana ɓoye kilogram na hatsi a cikin zurfin ƙasa kuma yana ciyar da shi duk hunturu, kafa gidansa a kan shafin "sito".

Binciken ruwa na har abada

Dabbobi, da kuma shuke-shuke steppe tilasta daidaita da wa m karancin ruwa. Kowane mutum copes tare da wannan matsala a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban. Hoofed dabbobi masu shayarwa da kuma tsuntsaye suna iya samun tushen shan tafiya mai nisa. Gerbil, jerboa, gophers da sauran hakori ci wasu m ciyawa, ciko su bukatar ruwa. Da yara, da suke zaune a hamada, kuma aikata ba tare da ruwa, saboda shi ya ba da ake so yawa na cinye ta dabbobi. A ban mamaki fasalin da immunodeficient da kuma gidan beraye. Da suka ci kawai bushe da tsaba na shuke-shuke, da kuma ruwa da aka samar da wani musamman refining a jikinsa ci abinci sitaci.

Saba da dabbobi, da kuma wani rashin abinci. Daga cikin mazaunan matakan ne mutane da yawa suka iya ci biyu dabba da shuka abinci. Omnivores steppe - shi ne Foxes, hedgehogs, wasu jinsunan halittu masu rarrafe kuma tsuntsaye cewa ci da berries tare da kwari.

Tsire-tsire steppe

Features steppe shuke-shuke - shi ne ikon zama a cikin yanayi na rashin danshi, wanda ga mafi jinsunan Flora ne m. Da dama jinsin iri ciyayi a jeji:

1. forbs.

2. fescue-gashin tsuntsu ciyawa.

3. abinci mai ɗaci-hatsi.

Mixed ciyawa yankunan za a iya gani a arewacin yankunan. Tare da farko haskoki na rana bayan da snow cover farkon-flowering shuke-shuke bayyana steppe - ciyawa da sedge, zai fara zuwa Bloom pasqueflower. A cikin mako guda da dukan steppe kyalkyali zinariya da maki adonis. Yana zai dauki wani lokaci, kuma ƙasar zuwa sararin sama ya jũya a cikin lush kore kafet na lush ciyawa. Forb steppe shuke-shuke a cikin bazara ne da gaske kyau! A lokacin bazara watanni yankin za su lokaci zuwa lokaci canja da launi. Yana iya rufe tare da furanni nezabudok, ragwort, daisies. By tsakiyar watan Yuli, lokacin da akwai salvia furanni, da steppe kawai ba su sani ba - yana zama duhu purple. Flowering iyakar a marigayi Yuli, da danshi ga shuka zama kasa, kuma sun bushe up.

Hankula steppe shuke-shuke, musamman a yankunan da mafi m sauyin yanayi, shi ne gashin tsuntsu. Suna daga cikin mafi fari-resistant jinsunan. Saboda da dogon branched Tushen, ya ratsa zurfi a cikin ƙasa, gashin tsuntsu iya sha duk na samuwa danshi a cikin ƙasa. A ganye da wannan shuka ne tsawo, birgima up cikin wani bututu. Saboda irin wannan siffar karami cimma danshin danshi daga surface na takardar. Flowering gashin tsuntsu tare da bayyanar kananan furanni. A 'ya'yan itace da shuka sanye take da wani irin furry appendage da abin da gashin tsuntsu ciyawa tsaba yada a tsawon nisa kuma shiga cikin ƙasa. Wannan na faruwa da karkatacciyar da untwisting tsari, wanda aka ci da gumi a cikin wani bushe m. Gashin Tsuntsu - misali mafi kyau na yadda za shuke-shuke sun saba da steppe. Iska ta fãɗa da tsaba da shuka domin da yawa kilomita kuma, godiya ga zuriya ta ikon shiga cikin ƙasa a cikin wasu wurare kafa manyan yankunan, firam da gashin tsuntsu.

Idan shuke-shuke da girma a kowace shekara, kuma a karshen lokacin rani bushe up, ba yanka, kasar gona ne a hankali kafa wani Layer na humus. Yana da muhimmanci sosai ga ciyawa da furanni, kuma dõmin ya yi fada da rayuwa a cikin yanayi na rashin danshi.

Dabbobi, da kuma shuke-shuke Rasha matakan ne bambance bambancen da mamaki. A duba m rani rana a kan wannan kyau sau daya, lokaci mai tsawo bar a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar da abubuwan al'ajabi halitta da yanayi.