Dangantakar zamantakewar jama'a: menene ma'anarsa ga al'ummar zamani?

A cikin XIX karni shi da aka yada wannan ra'ayoyi kan da ginin zamantakewa na al'umma, bisa ga abin da babban rarrabẽwa ga kayyade zamantakewa bambantawa aka alaka da wajen samarwa. Musamman, Marxism ya kasance a wannan ra'ayi. Duk da haka, masu ilimin tauhidi sun bambanta ba kawai azuzuwan ba, har ma da layuka a cikin kowane ɗalibai (misali, ƙananan, tsakiya da manyan bourgeoisie), don haka ya jaddada cewa rashin daidaito da haɓakawa suna da alaƙa ga kowane rukuni na mutane. Duk da haka, sun yi imanin cewa ya kamata a rinjaye su, kuma irin wannan matsayi na proletariat ke taka rawa cikin tarihin wannan manufa.

Ya bambanta da ka'idar ka'idar, wani tunani ya samo asali, bisa ga bambancin zamantakewa. Mawallafin wannan ka'idar rudani shine Pitirim Sorokin. Ya ci gaba da aiwatar da dukkanin alamun alamu da ka'idojin zamantakewar zamantakewar zamantakewa, da tsarin tsarin zamantakewa. Sorokin ya bambanta rarrabuwa guda daya da maɓallin multidimensional, wato, rarraba al'umma a cikin waɗannan kungiyoyi kamar yadda "strata" ta hanyar jinsin daya da kuma cikakkiyar jimlar su. Ya raba wadannan sifofin ta irin wadannan halaye kamar aikin aiki, samun kudin shiga, yanayin rayuwa, ilimi, dabi'u na tunani, bangaskiyar addini, halin hali, da sauransu. Mutane da yawa masana kimiyya na zamani sunyi la'akari da shinge don zama ainihin asali na "karshe" na tsarin zamantakewa.

Masana kimiyya sun kasance masu sha'awar irin yadda makomar mutum da zamantakewa ta zamantakewa ta al'umma suka tsaida. Sun lissafi yiwuwar motsawa daga wannan rukuni zuwa wani (motsi na kwance), kuma a cikin ɗakunan (a tsaye), na daya, biyu ko fiye da tsararraki, rarraba motsa jiki na yau da kullum da kuma bazuwar a cikin su. A cikin nazarin matsalar matsala, ka'idar Max Weber ta taka muhimmiyar rawa. Ya yi imanin cewa bambanci tsakanin kungiyoyin mutane ba wai kawai don samun damar yin amfani da dukiya, iko da doka ba, har ma da alamun zamantakewa - matsayi da daraja. A cewar Weber, kowane rukuni yana da irin salon rayuwa - halaye, alamu, dabi'u.

Nazarin ka'idojin da ke ƙayyade dabi'un mutane a cikin tsarin zamantakewa, da kuma yadda bambancin zamantakewar al'umma ke shafar matsayi, irin wadannan masana falsafa da masana kimiyya kamar Lyndon da Meade sunyi ma'amala. Irin wannan gyara na zamantakewa rawa, kamar yadda wani stereotype da kuma girma, sa mutane ayi kasafi shared da su kungiyar, domin tantance kowane mutum ko taron (misali, wata alama tufafin saya, ko don tura 'ya'yansu Yelky University, shi ake bukata don samun Rolls-Royce ko Mercedes ). Idan mutum yana so ya rabu da kallafaffen rawa, kamar yadda mai mulkin, an yi imani da cewa shi ya rasa girma, kuma za a iya amfani da su ya zamantakewa takunkumi.

Hanyoyin zamantakewa a cikin irin waɗannan lokuta ya haifar da karɓin ƙungiyar, har ma da dukan al'umma, ga halin mutum wanda "ya kaucewa" daga cikar tsammanin, ya bi ka'idodi da dabi'un da aka yarda. Irin waɗannan takunkumi na iya biyan doka, kuma wani lokacin sukan kasance bisa al'ada, dabi'a ko addini. Wannan shi ne musamman halayyar gargajiya jama'a, a lõkacin da suka je a cikin shakka daga ko wani jiki mataki - duka, da kisa, ko Lynch lynching, ɗaurin kurkuku. A wasu lokuta, nema takunkumin tattalin arziki, kamar tara, ko kwata na dukiya. Amma a mafi yawancin kasashen zamani suna da iyakance ga nuna alamun rashin girmamawa.

Hadin hulɗar tsakanin matsayi na zamantakewa, matsayi, takunkumi, kwarewa da sauran kayan aiki irin su ana nazari ta hanyar horo na musamman, hulɗar juna. Kowace rukuni, masanan kimiyya sun ce, ya halicci "duniya" nasu, inda aka rubuta "rubutun rai", wasu ayyuka ko wasu tufafi. Akwai ma bambancin zamantakewa na harshe, wanda ya haifar da bambance-bambance tsakanin manyan kungiyoyin mutane a cikin sana'a ko kamfanoni. Amma irin wannan duniyar ba ta da ƙarfi. Wadannan ko sauran al'amuran zamantakewa, musamman ma a kan babban tsari, suna tilasta mutane su sake yin la'akari da matsayi da kuma yin wasu lokuta da ba zato ba tsammani. Don haka akwai canji a cikin duniyar da aka sani, inda aka sake rarraba matsayin.