Elizabeth na Turanci: photos, biography, a zamanin mulkin uwar

Elizabeth na mallakar Birtaniya a 1558-1603 shekaru. Godiya ga mai hikima cikin gida da kuma kasashen waje da manufofin da ya yi ta kasarsa mai girma Turai iko. Elizabethan yau ne na gaskiya, da ake kira zinariya shekaru na Ingila.

'Yar ƙi matarsa

A nan gaba Sarauniya Elizabeth An haife ni a ranar 7 ga watan Satumba, 1533 a Greenwich. Ta kasance 'yar Henry Sabunta da matarsa, Anne Boleyn. Sarki gaske ya so ya samu wani yaro da magaji a kan karaga. Shi ne saboda wannan, ya sake matarsa ta farko Ekaterinoy Aragonskoy, bai haifa masa yaro. Gaskiyar cewa zo da haske da wani yarinya, sosai quncin rai Henry, ko da yake ya ji ba sirri adãwa ga yaro.

Lokacin Elizabeth shekaru biyu da haihuwa, mahaifiyarta da aka kashe. Anne Boleyn aka zarge shi da laifin cin amanar kasa. A kotu dauke tabbatar facts zargin cin amanar kasa Sarauniyar wa mijinta. Irascible Henry, don haka ya yanke shawarar rabu da matarsa, ya zama wani nauyi, kuma wanda ya kasa ba ta haifi wani yaro. Daga baya ya auri 'yan sau. Tun da farko biyu aure da aka rushe, Elizabeth da ta mazan da 'yar'uwa Mary (Ekateriny Aragonskoy' yar) sun shege.

'yan mata da ilimi

Kamar yadda wani yaro Elizabeth na tabbatar da nasu m halitta ikon. Ta daidai ƙware Latin, Girkanci, Italiyanci da kuma Faransa. Ko da yake yarinyar da aka zahiri shege, ta horar da yin mafi kyau furofesoshi a Cambridge. Waɗannan su ne mutanen da na zamani sau - da magoya bayan da kuma abokan adawar na canji Katolika kashi. Just a wannan lokaci, Henry Sabunta saboda rashin jituwa tare da Paparoma gangarawa domin kafa mai zaman kanta coci. Elizabeth kawai daban-daban isasshen freethinking, daga baya ya ci gaba da wannan manufofin.

Ta aka sanar, tare da Edward - da kane na m aure na Henry. Yara zama abokai. A 1547 Sarki Ahab ya mutu. Bisa ga nufinsa, da kursiyin kuma akwai Edward (ya kasance da za a kira Edward VI). A cikin hali na mutuwarsa ba tare da yara da nasu ikon da ya je zuwa ga Maryama, kuma ita da zũriyarta. Elizabeth ya gaba a line. Amma nufin ya na da muhimmanci daftarin aiki, har ma ga dalilin cewa mahaifinsa a karon farko kafin mutuwarsa furuci da 'ya'yansa mata istinbadi.

Bayan rasuwar tsohonsa

Uwar rana Ekaterina Parr bayan jana'izar Henry aika Elizabeth zuwa rayuwa a Hertfordshire, daga London da kuma Royal Palace. Duk da haka, ta ya zauna dogon kuma ya mutu a cikin 1548. Ba da da ewa balaga da Edward VI 'yar'uwar koma birnin. Elizabeth aka daura wa ɗan'uwansa. Amma a 1553 ya rasu ba tsammani.

Wannan ya biyo ta tashin, a sakamakon abin da ya zo iko mazan da 'yar'uwa Elisabeth Maria. Ta godiya ta tsohuwarsa Katolika, da cewa bai son manya na Ingila. Danniya da 'yan Protestants, ya fara. Mutane da yawa barons da shugabannai fara kalle Elizabeth a matsayin halattaciyar sarauniya, inda za a rikicin addini da aka warware.

A 1554, akwai wani tawaye na Thomas Wyatt. Ya aka ake zargin na so auku kambi to Elizabeth. Lokacin da fitina da aka mur, da yarinya kurkuku a cikin Tower. Daga baya ta aika zuwa gudun hijira a birnin Woodstock. Maria da aka musamman mutane suke so daga cikin mutane saboda su dangantaka da Protestant rinjaye. A 1558, ta mutu daga cutar, da barin wani magada. Elizabeth hau gadon sarautar farko.

The addini manufofin

Da zarar iko, Koroleva Elizaveta na nan da nan ya dauki sama da ƙuduri na addini al'amurran da suka shafi a kasar su. A wannan lokaci dukan Turai da aka raba cikin ƙin juna Furotesta da Katolika. Ingila, located a tsibirin, zai zauna daga wannan jini rikici. All ta bukata ya mai hikima m a kan kursiyin, yake iya yarda da wani jayayya kuma bayani ga sassa biyu na al'umma su zauna a cikin zaman lafiya. A hikima da nisa-gani Elizabeth na ne irin wannan sarauniya.

A 1559, shi soma da "dokar da uniformity." Wannan daftarin aiki jaddada kudurin na Protestant monarch to bi hanya mahaifinsa. A lokaci guda, Katolika da aka hane su bauta. Wadannan m asasshe yarda ya janye kasar daga gãɓar rãmi na yakin basasa. Abin da zai iya faruwa idan magoya bayan na canji da kuma Katolika har yanzu fuskanci gõshinansu za a iya gane ta gudana jini rikici a Jamus na wancan zamanin.

Maritime fadada

Yau da biography na Elizabeth da farko ne da farko hade da Golden Age na Ingila - zamanin da m girma na tattalin arziki a kasar da kuma ta siyasa da tasiri. An muhimmanci na wannan nasara ne da bunqasar da matsayi na birnin London ya fi iko Maritime Turai iko. A lokacin zamanin mulkin Elizabeth na a cikin tekun Atlantic, da kuma musamman a cikin Caribbean, a rundunar English fashi. Wadannan 'yan fashi da aka hannu a smuggling, kuma looting m jiragen ruwa. Mafi shahara fashin teku na zamanin ya Frensis Dreyk. Elizabeth amfani da "ayyuka" na jama'a don kawar da fafatawa a gasa a kan teku.

Bugu da kari, cikin enterprising matuƙan da natsuwa tare da amincewa a jihar ya fara kafa nasu mazauna a cikin West. A 1587 ya bayyana Jamestown - na farko English shiri a cikin Arewacin Amirka. Elizabeth na, wanda sarautar dade da dama da suka gabata, duk da wannan lokaci da kariminci dauki nauyin wannan events.

Rigingimu da Spain

Maritime fadada Ingila babu makawa kawo ta a cikin rikici da Spain - da kasashen mallakan mafi girma da kuma mafi m mazauna a cikin West. Peru zinariya m kogin gudana a cikin aljihun na Madrid, samar da yawa daga cikin mulkin.

A gaskiya, tun 1570 da navies na Ingila da Spain a Jihar "phony yaki." Bisa ga ƙa'ida, shi ya ba da aka sanar, amma karo na fashi da galleons kõma da zinariya, da faruwa tare da m tsari. Mai kara wa wuta da cewa Spain ne babban mai kare cocin Katolika, yayin da Protestant Elizabeth ci gaba mahaifinsa siyasa.

Halakar da Spanish Armada

Horar da wadanada iya kawai fasa da yaki, amma bai warware shi. Open makamai rikici ya fara a 1585. Ya barke da Netherlands, inda gida 'yan tawayen da aka ƙoƙarin rabu da mu da Spanish hukumomi. Elizabeth asirce taimake su ta hanyar samar da kudi da kuma sauran albarkatun. Bayan jerin ultimatums da jakadun kasashen biyu, da yaki tsakanin Ingila da Spain da aka ayyana a hukumance.

Korol Filipp II aika zuwa Burtaniya gaba Armada. Spain ta haka ake kira soja jiragen ruwa yana da 140 jiragen ruwa. A rikici da aka warware, wanda sojan ruwa sojojin karfi da kuma abin da na biyu iko su zama mulkin mallaka daular nan gaba. The English jiragen ruwa (tare da goyon bayan da Dutch) kunshi 227 jiragen ruwa, amma sun kasance da yawa kasa Spanish. Duk da haka, ba su da wani amfani - high maneuverability.

Yana dauki amfani da umartarsa da Birtaniya jiragen ruwa - ambata Frensis Dreyk da Charlz Govard. Flotilla arangama Agusta 8, 1588 a Gravelinskom yaƙi a kusa da bakin tekun na Faransa a cikin harshen Turanci Channel. The Spanish Armada aka ci. Ko da yake sakamakon shan kashi suna nuna nan da nan, lokacin da ya nuna cewa shi ne nasarar da Ingila sanya mafi girma na sojan ruwa da iko a wannan zamanin.

Bayan Gravelinskogo yaƙi yaki ci gaba ga wata shekaru 16. Fadace-fadace ma ya faru a Amurka. A sakamakon da dogon yaki ya sanya hannu na London duniya a 1604 (bayan mutuwar Elizabeth). A cewar shi, Spain karshe watsi da tsoma baki a cikin coci harkokin Ingila, yayin da Ingila yi wa'adi ga dakatar kai hare-hare a kan mazauna na Habsburgs a yamma. Bugu da kari, a London mun daina goyon bayan da 'yan tawayen Dutch suka yi yaƙi domin' yancin kai daga Madrid kotu. An kai tsaye ba saboda abin da na yaki ya tabbatarwa daga majalisar a Burtaniya rayuwar siyasa.

Hulda da Rasha

Back a 1551, da London, fatake da aka kafa Moscow tushen kamfanin. Ta zama shugaban duk Burtaniya cinikayya tare da kasar Rasha. Elizabeth na, wanda mulkinsa ya zauna a cikin Kremlin Ivana Groznogo, kiyaye daidaituwa tare da sarki da kuma ya iya samun m hakkin zuwa ga fataucin.

Birtaniya sun sosai sha'awar huldar cinikaiya da Rasha. Girma sayar da jiragen ruwa zai kai ga sayarwa da kuma sayan yawa kaya. Turawa sayi hannun Rasha furs, karafa, da sauransu .. A Moscow a 1587 da kamfanin samu dama na free cinikayya. Bugu da kari, ta kafa nasu yadudduka, ba kawai a cikin babban birnin kasar, amma har a Vologda, Yaroslavl da Kholmogory. A babban taimako ga wannan diplomasiyya da kasuwanci nasara sanya Elizabeth I. Sarauniyar Ingila ta samu daga Rasha Tsar a total na 11 manyan haruffa, wanda a yau wakiltar wani musamman tarihi Monuments.

Elizabeth da art

The Golden Age, wanda aka haɗa tare da zamanin Elizabeth, aka kuma nuna a cikin Firayim na Turanci al'adu. A lokacin wannan lokaci ya rubuta manyan dramatist na duniya adabi Shakespeare. Sarauniya sha'awar art, karfi da goyon marubutansa. Shakespeare da sauran abokan aiki a cikin m bita da aka hannu a cikin halittar wani cibiyar sadarwa na London sinimomi. Mafi shahara daga cikin su shi ne "Globe", gina a 1599.

Sarauta kokarin yin spectacle da kuma nisha m ga widest yiwu masu sauraro. Royal kamfanin da aka kafa a cikin yadi. Wani lokaci da wasanni taka leda da kuma Elizabeth kanta farko. Photo na ta rayuwa hotuna sun nuna a fili cewa ta kasance mai kyau mace, shi ya jũya a kan kursiyin ya na da shekaru 25 da shekaru. A waje data zai zama da na halitta ikon da sarauniya. Ta kasance ba kawai a polyglot, amma kuma mai kyau actress.

'yan shekarun nan

Ko a kan Hauwa'u na mutuwar riga haihuwa Elizabeth na Turanci ci gaba da rayayye tafiyar da harkokin jama'a. A karshe lokacin da ta sarautar yana da, don ƙarfafa sabani tsakanin daular mulkinsu da kuma majalisar dokokin kasar. Musamman mai raɗaɗi sun tattalin arziki al'amurran da suka shafi da matsalar haraji. Elizabeth nema ya bunkasa cikin aljihun a taron na gaba soja yakin. Majalisar tsayayya da wannan.

Maris 24, 1603 kasar koyi cewa dukan mutanen da suka mutu ƙaunataccen Elizabeth farko. Sarauniyar Ingila sosai jin dadin da wuri su 'yan'uwanmu' yan ƙasa - don shi aka gyarawa da sunan Good Sarauniya Bess. Elizabeth aka binne shi a Westminster Abbey tare da wata babbar taro na 'yan ƙasa.

Matsalar mayẽwa

All Elizabeth ta sarautar da aka musamman m tambaya na maye. Sarauniya taba aure. Ta ya 'yan litattafai, amma sun kasance na wani na yanayi. Mallake ba ya so ya ƙulla da kulli saboda yara abubuwan da rayuwar iyali na mahaifinsa, wanda, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, da umarnin da kisan uwarsa Elizabeth da farko.

Sarauniya bai yi bikin aure, duk da entreaties na majalisar. Its mambobi ne a cikin nau'i na hukuma ya juya zuwa ga Elizabeth tare da buƙatun su auri daya daga cikin Turai sarakuna. Ga su da shi wani al'amari na kasa muhimmancin. A cikin taron cewa, kasar ba za a bar ba tare da wata hujja gaje, iya fara wani yakin basasa, ko da wani m fadar juyin mulki ne. A grooms Sarauniyar Ingila annabta Philip na II na Spain, Jamus archdukes na Habsburg daular, da Sweden Crown Prince Eric kuma ko da Rasha Tsar Ivan da Munin.

Amma da ta taba aure. A sakamakon haka, da bai bar 'ya'ya Elizabeth kafin ya mutu zabe zai gaje Yakova Styuarta - dan a Scottish Queen Mary. A cewar mahaifiyarsa, ya lissafta da babban jikan na Henry VII - kafa na Tudor daular to wanda ya kasance daga Elizabeth na Turanci.