Experience tsananin - gwaji nazarin kwayoyin-sanadin motsi ka'idar

A cikin rabi na biyu na karni na sha tara, da binciken na Brownian (m) motsi na kwayoyin sa Keen sha'awa na da yawa msar tambayar kimiyyar lissafi na lokaci. Bunƙasa a Scottish masanin kimiyya James Maxwell ka'idar kwayoyin-sanadin motsi tsarin kwayoyin halitta ko da yake shi da aka kullum gane a Turai kimiyya al'umma, amma akwai kawai wani misali ne form. Babu m an tabbatar da to, shi ya ba. The motsi na kwayoyin zauna m zuwa kai tsaye kallo da kuma ji na gudun da jũna warkarwa kawai kimiyya batun.

Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa gwaje-gwajen da za su iya a yi a tabbatar da gaskiyar daga cikin kwayoyin tsarin da abu da kuma sanin gudun motsi ta ganuwa gaɓũɓuwa, da farko ya gane kamar yadda na asali. Muhimmancin wadannan gwaje-gwajen ga jiki kimiyya ya bayyana, kamar yadda shi damar samun m substantiation da hujja na da inganci na daya daga cikin mafi m theories na lokaci - da kwayoyin-sanadin motsi.

By farkon karni na ashirin, da duniya kimiyya ta kai wani isasshen matakin na ci gaba da zargin da real yiwuwa na gwaji tabbaci na Maxwell ka'idar. Jamus likita Otto tsananin 1920, da ake ji da kwayoyin katako hanya, wanda aka ƙãga da wani Bafaranshe Lui Dyunoye a 1911, shekara, kulawa don auna gudun motsi na gas kwayoyin azurfa. Experience tsananin irrefutably tabbatar da inganci na Maxwell ta rarraba dokar. A sakamakon wannan gwajin ya tabbatar da aminci kima nufin velocities kwayoyin halitta wadda ta gudana daga tamkar zaton sanya ta Maxwell. Gaskiya, game da yanayin high-gudun gradation kwarewa tsananin ya iya ba kawai sosai m bayani. Bugu da ari bayanai kimiyya ya jira wani shekara tara.

Tare da mafi daidaici da rarraba dokar iya duba Lammert a shekara ta 1929, da dama ingantattun kwarewa tsananin ta wucewa da kwayoyin katako ta biyu daga juyawa fayafai, da radial ramukan da kuma biya diyya zumunta da juna a wani kwana. By sãɓãwar launukansa da juyawa gudun na naúra da kuma kwana tsakanin ramukan, Lammert za a iya ware daga cikin mutum kwayoyin na katako, wadda da daban-daban gudun yi. Amma kuwa shi ne kwarewa da tsananin alama farkon na gwaji nazari a fagen daga kwayoyin-sanadin motsi ka'idar.

A 1920 da farko gwaji saitin aka halitta gwaje-gwajen da irin wannan. Yana kunshi wani biyu daga cylinders, tsara da kaina da tsananin. Ciki da na'urar da aka sanya platinum bakin ciki sanda tare da azurfa shafi, kuma aka evaporated ta gasa axis wutar lantarki. A injin yanayi da aka halicci cikin naúrar, kunkuntar katako na azurfa atoms gudanar jefar tsaye tsaguwa yanka ta tabbata daga cikin Silinda, kuma ya daidaita a kan musamman waje allo. Hakika, inji shi ne a cikin motsi, da kuma yayin da sunadaran isa surface lokaci zuwa juya ta hanyar wani kusurwan. A wannan hanya, tsananin, kuma Ya ƙaddara gudun su motsi.

Amma shi ne ba kawai wani kimiyya nasara na Otto tsananin. A shekara daga baya, ya hada kai tare da Walter Gerlach gudanar da wani gwaji, wanda ya tabbatar da gaban da juya daga kwayoyin zarra da a tabbatar da gaskiyar su sarari quantization. Tsananin-Gerlach gwaji bukaci kafa musamman gwaji saitin tare da wani iko da m maganadisu a karkashi. Ƙarƙashin rinjayar da Magnetic filin generated da wannan iko bangaren na farko barbashi deflected fuskantarwa bisa ga nasu Magnetic juya.