Menene mitochondria? Sifa da aiki

Mitochondria - daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci da aka gyara na wani cell. Su kira chondriosomes. Wannan granulovidnye ko filamentous da wasu gabbansa da suke da wani ɓangare daga cikin cytoplasm na shuke-shuke da dabbobi. Su ne masu kera na ATP kwayoyin, wanda su ne don haka wajibi ne ga mutane da yawa tafiyar matakai a cikin cell.

Menene mitochondria?

Mitochondria - tantanin halitta ne wani makamashi tushe, da ayyukan ne bisa hadawan abu da iskar shaka na gudanar da mahadi , da kuma yin amfani da makamashi da 'yanci a cikin lalata na ATP kwayoyin. Masana kimiyyar halitta a bayyana harshe, shi ne ake kira da tashar samar da makamashi domin Kwayoyin. A 1850 g. Gano mitochondria a granules a cikin tsokoki. Adadin su bambanta dangane da ci gaban da yanayi: su tara more a cikin wadanda Kwayoyin inda most rashi na oxygen. Wannan ya faru sau da yawa a lokacin mafi motsa jiki. A cikin wadannan tsokoki bayyana wani m karancin makamashi da cewa yin up da mitochondria.

Ana zargin ajalin da kuma wani wuri a ka'idar symbiogenesis

A 1897 Bend karo na farko ya gabatar da manufar "mitochondria", don nuna a fakaice granular da filamentous tsarin a cikin cytoplasm na sel. A siffar da kuma size ne bambance bambancen: wani kauri daga 0.6 microns, tsawon - daga 1 zuwa 11 microns. A rare yanayi, da mitochondria iya zama manyan da kuma branched kumburi.

A ka'idar symbiogenesis ba wani bayyananne ra'ayin abin da mitochondria da kuma yadda suka bayyana a cikin sel. Ya furta cewa, fito a cikin tsari na chondriosomes lalata kwayoyin Kwayoyin, prokaryotes. Tun da ba su iya ba da kansa amfani da oxygen, don samar da makamashi, shi ne ya hana su cikakken ci gaba da kuma progenote iya ci gaba da yardar kaina. A lokacin juyin halitta daga cikin dangantakar da ke tsakanin su sanya shi yiwuwa a wuce a kan su genes progenote yanzu eukaryotes. Godiya ga wannan ci gaban da mitochondria ne yanzu ba m kwayoyin. Su gene pool ba za a iya aiwatar a cika, kamar yadda shi ne ta m blockage na enzymes, abin da suke a kowane cell.

Inda suke rayuwa?

A mitochondria sun mayar da hankali a cikin wadanda wurare na cytoplasm, inda akwai bukatar a ATP. Alal misali, suke located nisa daga myofibrils da maniyyi aka kafa a kusa da wani m masking ja axis a cikin tsoka nama na zuciya. Akwai su samar da makamashi mai yawa da "wutsiya" sanyi. A wannan hanyar da maniyyi zuwa ga kwai motsa.

New mitochondria a cikin Kwayoyin kafa ta mai sauki rabo baya wasu gabbansa. A dukkan hereditary bayanai da aka adana a lokacin da shi.

Mitochondria: yadda suka kama

A siffar mitochondria yayi kama da Silinda. Suna sau da yawa samu a eukaryotes, shan daga 10 zuwa 21% na cell girma. Su size da kuma siffar bambanta ƙwarai da za a iya bambanta dangane da yanayi, amma nisa ne m: 0.5-1 microns. Chondriosomes tafi dogara a kan wuraren da tantanin halitta yana sanya azumi a sharar gida da makamashi. Yana motsa ta hanyar da cytoplasm amfani cytoskeletal tsarin domin motsi. Maye gurbin daban-daban girma na mitochondria, aiki dabam daga juna da kawota tare da samar da makamashi, da wasu yankunan na cytoplasm, ne tsawo da kuma branched mitochondria. Suna kuma iya samar da makamashi a cikin cell shafukan da suke nisa baya. Irin wannan ha] in gwiwar chondriosomes lura ba kawai a single-celled kwayoyin, amma kuma a cikin kwayar. A mafi hadaddun tsarin chondriosomes samu a kwarangwal tsokoki na dabbobi masu shayarwa, inda most branched chondriosomes shiga tare da juna ta hanyar yin amfani da mezhmitohondrialnye lambobi (MMK).

Su ne kunkuntar gibba tsakanin dab da juna mitochondrial membranes. Wannan sarari yana da babban electron yawa. MMK daina faruwa a cikin sel na zuciya tsoka, wanda ake dangantawa da aiki chondriosomes.

Don fahimtar batun, shi wajibi ne a takaicce zuwa fenti da muhimmancin mitochondria, da sifa da aiki daga cikinsu ban mamaki.

Ta yaya suka yi aiki?

Su fahimci abin da mitochondria, shi wajibi ne su san su tsari. Wannan sabon abu makamashi Madogararsa yana da wani mai siffar zobe siffar, amma mafi elongated. The biyu membranes an sanya kusa da juna:

• m (santsi).
• ciki wanda Forms protuberances na leaf (cristae) da kuma tubular (tubules) siffofin.

Idan ba ka yi la'akari da girman da siffar mitochondria, da sifa da aiki ne guda. Chondriosomes delimited ta biyu membranes, size 6 nm. A waje membrane na mitochondria kama wani akwati da kare su daga hyaloplasm. Inner membrane daga cikin matsanancin rabo nisa otedinyaet 11-19 nm. Banbamta alama na ciki membrane an dauke su da ikon protrude ciki da mitochondria, shan nau'i na mĩƙe ridges.
Yana cika ciki rami na mitochondrion matrix wanda yana da lafiya grained tsarin cikinsa yarns wani lokacin nuna da kuma granules (15-20 nm). Matrix yarns haifar da DNA din da wasu gabbansa, da kuma kananan size granules - ribosome mitochondria.

ATP kira a mataki na farko faruwa a hyaloplasm. A wannan mataki akwai wani na farko hadawan abu da iskar shaka na substrates ko na glucose to pyruvic acid. Wadannan hanyoyin faru ba tare da oxygen - anaerobic hadawan abu da iskar shaka. A na gaba mataki ne da samuwar makamashi a cikin aerobic hadawan abu da iskar shaka da kuma ATP lalace, wannan tsari ya auku a cikin mitochondria na sel.

Menene mitochondria?

Babban ayyuka na wasu gabbansa ne:

• ikon tsara cell.

• ajiya na kwayoyin bayanai a cikin nau'i na da kansa DNA.

A gaban mitochondria a cikin deoxyribonucleic acid sake tabbatar da symbiotic ka'idar fitowan wadannan da wasu gabbansa. Har ila yau, kuma na asali aiki, suna da hannu a cikin kira na ji ba gani, kuma amino acid.

mitochondrial Pathology

Maye gurbi da faruwa a cikin genome na mitochondria, abu don m sakamakon. Jigilar da hereditary bayanai ne mutum DNA, wadda aka wuce daga iyaye zuwa zuriya, da kuma mitochondrial genome yana daukar kwayar cutar ne kawai daga cikin mahaifiyarsa. Bayanin wannan al'amari ne mai sauqi qwarai: shi cytoplasm fursunoni chondriosomes yara samu tare da mace ta kwai, maniyyi ne mãsu fakowa ba. Mata tare da wannan sabawa za a iya wuce zuwa zuriya mitochondrial cuta, mai rashin lafiya mutum - ba.

Karkashin al'ada hali, chondriosomes a irin wannan kwafin DNA - gomoplazmiya. A genome mitochondria maye gurbi iya faruwa a sakamakon co-wanzuwar lafiya da kuma mutated Kwayoyin auku heteroplasmy.

Godiya ga zamani magani zuwa kwanan gano fiye da 200 cututtuka, a cikin hanyar da ya faru na wanda aiki a matsayin mitochondria DNA maye gurbi. Ba a duk lokuta, amma gyaran warkewa da kuma lura da mitochondrial cututtuka shafar kyau.

Saboda haka muka aikata da tambaya daga abin da yake da mitochondria. Kamar dukan sauran wasu gabbansa, su ne da muhimmanci sosai ga cell. Su kaikaice dauki bangare a duk matakai, wanda bukatar makamashi.