Lysosomes - tantanin halitta ne "Jami'an likitoci"

Kowane Rayayyen tantanin halitta na da wani sa na Tsarin cewa ba ta damar da za su nuna duk da kaddarorin wani rai gabar. Domin aiki yadda ya kamata, da cell dole samun isasshen gina jiki ga rushe da kuma sakin 'makamashi, to, wanda aka bari tafi a kan rayuwa goyon bayan tafiyar matakai.

A mataki na farko na hadadden tsarin ne makamashi management lysosomes Kwayoyin cewa otshnurovyvayutsya da gefuna mĩƙe dictyosomes tankuna (Golgi).

Ta yaya ne lysosomes

Lysosomes - shi ne odnomembrannye maraƙi siffar zobe diamita na daga 0.2 zuwa 2 microns, wanda aka kewaye a cikin hadaddun na hydrolytic enzymes. Sun iya manne wani halitta polymer ko abu hadaddun tsarin, fada cikin cell a matsayin gina jiki substrate ko a waje wakili:

• sunadaran da polypeptides.
• polysaccharides (sitaci, dextrin, glycogen).
• nucleic acid.
• lipids.

Wannan ya dace iya samar game da 40 daban-daban na enzymes kunshe ne a cikin lysosomes matrix da a ciki gefen membrane a shigeba jihar.

Chemistry lysosomes

Matattarar kewaye da lysosome, kare da wasu gabbansa da sauran salula gyara na digesting enzyme hadaddun. Amma a cikin kumfa duk enzymes an gina jiki asalin, me ya sa su ba su tsattsage da proteases?

Gaskiyar ita ce, a cikin lysosome enzymes ne glycosylated jihar. Wannan carbohydrate "harsashi" da ke sa su talauci recognizable zuwa proteolytic enzymes.

Dauki matsakaici a cikin lysosomes ne weakly acid (PH 4.5-5), da bambanci ga kusan tsaka tsaki hyaloplasm. Yana halitta sharadi gwargwado ga mataki na enzymes da ma'aikata H ⁺ -ATPase, wanda farashinsa protons cikin wasu gabbansa.

A hira tsari lysosome

Morphologically a cikin cell ne biyu main iri lysosomes - firamare da kuma sakandare.

Primary lysosomes - shi ne kananan kumfa, ko m-kaifi, rabu da tank Golgi hadaddun. Sun dauke da wani sa na hydrolytic enzymes a baya kafa membranes granular (roughened) EPR. Kafin sha na gina jiki substrate lysosomes ne a wani m form.

Don fara a cikin lysosome enzymes da samun abinci barbashi ko taya. Wannan ya faru a hanyoyi biyu:

1. By autophagy, inda abinci barbashi an tunawa da lysosome daga kewaye cytoplasm. A membrane wasu gabbansa invaginates batu na lamba tare da barbashi da kuma Forms wani endocytic vesicle sa'an nan otshnurovyvaetsya ciki lysosomes.
2. By geterofagii lokacin lysosome Yanã shigar da endocytic vesicles, sau daya a cikin cytoplasm na cell saboda sha na daskararru ko taya daga waje.

Secondary lysosomes - wannan vesicles dauke da enzymes da substrate ga narkewa. Suna halin hydrolytic aiki bayyana da kuma samar da sakamakon da sha na farko substrate lysosome.

Tare da cewa aiki don rage lysosomal narkewa (tsakiyan nonon) na m barbashi da kuma Organic solutes, tsari sassauci aka bayar da ikon na sakandare lysosomes:

• ci tare da primary lysosomes, wanda kawo wani sabon tsari na enzymes.
• coalesce tare da sabon abinci barbashi ko endocytotic vesicles rike m aiwatar tsakiyan nonon.
• ci tare da sauran sakandare lysosomes, kafa manyan tsarin iya mamaye sauran kwayoyin halitta.
• sha pinocytic vesicles tasowa a cikin multivesicular jikinsu.

A tsarin da lysosomes , alhãli kuwa ba fundamentally canza. Yawancin lokaci shi ne kawai ke tsiro a size.

Sauran iri lysosomes

Wani lokaci tsagawa kama a lysosome abubuwa ba har sai karshen. Undigested barbashi an ba cire daga organelle da tara a shi. Bayan da wadata da na hydrolytic enzymes ne tsautsayi, compacted da kuma sake yin fa'ida abun ciki, da tsarin da lysosome zama mafi hadaddun, lebur. Suna iya ma za a ajiye pigment abubuwa. Lysosome tuba a cikin wani saura jiki.

Daga bisani maraƙi saura kasance a cikin cell ko cire gare ta exocytosis.

A protists Kwayoyin za a iya samu autophagosomes. By su yanayi, suka kasance a cikin sakandare lysosomes. Tu wadannan da wasu gabbansa da ake samu ragowar manyan aka gyara na da tantanin halitta kuma cytoplasmic Tsarin. Suna kafa ta cell lalacewa, tsufa da kuma salon salula da wasu gabbansa ne ga Juyin aka gyara daga cikin cell, sakewa da monomers.

Lysosome aiki a cikin cell

Lysosomes farko samar da zama dole cell yi abu depolimerizuya abubuwa makale a cikinta.

A rashin lafiya na carbohydrates ne wani muhimmin mahada a cikin makamashi metabolism na sel da samar da wani substrate for hira a mitochondria.

Lysosomes - shi ne ma mai kariya mahada a cikin rigakafi da tsarin:

1. Bayan da phagocytosis na kwayoyin cuta da leucocytes, lysosomes zuba da abinda ke ciki a cikin kogo na phagocytic vesicle, kuma ya halaka cutarwa kwayoyin.
2. Saki proteolytic enzymes a apoptosis - kaddara cell mutuwa.
3. A jefa lalace da kuma "tsufa" kwayoyin halitta.

A hade da cell yaduwa, lysosomes shiga a cikin Juyin daban-daban Tsarin samar da karshe kwayoyin.