Fada Rasha sarakuna Polovtsy (XI-XIII cc.). Vladimir Monomakh, Svyatopolk Izyaslavovich. A tarihin Kievan Rus

A tsakiyar karni na XI Kievan Rus aka gamu da babbar barazana a fuskar Polovtsy. Wadannan makiyaya zo daga Asiya matakan da kwace Black Sea yankin. Polovtsi (ko Cumans) tura daga wadannan wuraren suke a gabãninsu Pechenegs. New steppe kome kadan daban-daban daga haihuwa. Suka zauna fashi da mamayewa na kasashe makwabta, sanaki sedentary yawan jama'a.

sabon barazana

Ana zargin nomadic ya zo daidai da farkon na aiwatar da harkokin siyasa Lalacewar Rasha. Gabas Slavic jihar aka sõyayya har da XI karni, a lokacin da karkararta ya kasu kashi da dama kananan mulkoki. Kowace daga cikinsu na da hakkin ya da kansa 'yan qasar na cikin Rurik daular. Fada Rasha sarakuna Polovtsy aka wuya da wannan fragmentation.

Shugabanni sau da yawa jayayya tsakanin su kansu, da kuma shirya yakin basasa da kuma yin nasu kasa m zuwa steppe ma'abũta. Bugu da kari, wasu sarakuna suka fara amfani da makiyaya domin kudi. A gaban sojoji a nasu kadan taro ya zama wani muhimmin amfani a fagen yaƙi. Duk wadannan abubuwan sun haifar da adadin cewa Rasha domin kusan ƙarni biyu da ke cikin rikici koda yaushe tare da Polovtsy.

farko jini

Domin da farko lokacin da makiyaya mamaye Rasha a 1054. Su bayyanar da ya zo daidai da mutuwar Yaroslava Mudrogo. Yau ya ke dauke da karshe sarkin Kiev, wanda ya yi mulki da dukan Rus. Bayan shi, kursiyin shige wa babban dan Izyaslav. Duk da haka, Yaroslav ya 'yan zuriyarsa. Kowace daga cikinsu sun sami gādo (na iko), ko da yake ƙa'ida suka ƙaddamar Izyaslav. A ɗa na biyu Yaroslav, Sviatoslav, da dokoki, a Chernigov, da kuma na uku, Vsevolod Yaroslavich samu Pereyaslavl. Wannan birni yana located kawai gabashin Kiev da ya fi kusa da steppe. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa sau da yawa Polovtsy farmaki Pereyaslavl sarauta da fari.

Lokacin da makiyaya a karon farko ya bayyana a ranar Rasha gona, Vsevolod ya iya gudanar da shawarwari tare da su, ya tafi zuwa ga ofishin jakadancin na uninvited baƙi da kyautai. Tsakanin bangarorin, da zaman lafiya da aka kammala. Duk da haka, ba ya iya zama m kamar yadda steppe rayu da ZAMBA da makwabta.

Taro sake mamaye Pereyaslavl sarauta a 1061. Wannan lokaci da aka sace da kuma halakar da yawa fararen hula defenseless kauyuka. Makiyaya ya taba aka tsare a Rasha na dogon lokaci. Dawakansu sun ji tsoro na hunturu, a Bugu da kari, da dabbobi da za a ciyar da. Saboda haka, hare-hare da aka sanya a cikin spring ko rani. Bayan hutu ga kaka da kuma hunturu na kudancin baƙi dawo.

kashi Yaroslavichy

Gwagwarmaya da makamai na Rasha sarakuna Polovtsy farko da aka ba na din-din-din. Shugabanni na mulkoki iya ba fafitikar kadai tare da babbar rundunar '. Wannan halin da ake ciki sanya muhimmanci alliance tsakanin Rasha sarakuna. 'Ya'yan Yaroslava Mudrogo sun iya yarda cikin zukatansu, don haka su zamanin akwai wani da matsaloli tare da daidaituwa na ayyuka.

A 1068 hada tawagar Yaroslavichy gana da steppe sojojin, wadda aka jagorancin Polovtsian Khan Sharukan. Site da yaƙin ya bankunan na Alta River kusa Pereyaslavl. Sarakuna suka farfashe, suka yi sauri ya tsere daga fagen fama. Bayan yakin, da kuma Vsevolod Izyaslav koma zuwa Kiev. Suna da ba da ƙarfi, kuma bã da wajen don tsara wani sabon Maris a kan Polovtsy. Listlessness shugabanninmu suka kai ga wannan yunkuri na yawan jama'ar, gaji da akai harin na steppe, ya kuma ga gazawar da shugabanninsu suka yi adawa da wani abu da wannan mummunan barazana. Kiyani kira wani Popular Majalisar. Mazauna bukaci hukuma don karfafawa talakawa 'yan ƙasa. Lokacin da ultimatum aka yi watsi da, m fasa gida da mahukunta. Prince Izyaslav ya boye daga Yaren mutanen Poland sarki.

A halin yanzu Polovtsian hare-hare a kan Rasha ci gaba. A cikin rashi na ƙanensa Izyaslav Svyatoslav a cikin wannan 1068 steppe ci a yakin Snov kogin. Sharukan aka kama. Wannan na farko nasara a yarda a lokacin da za a kamu da inna da makiyaya.

Cumans a cikin sabis na sarakuna

Ko da yake Polovtsian hare-hare daina, steppe ci gaba da bayyana a Rasha gona. Dalilin wannan shi ne cewa makiyaya fara haya Rasha sarakunan da suke yãƙi jũna a internecine rikice-rikice. A farko wannan ya faru a 1076. Dan Vsevolod Yaroslavovych Vladimir Monomah Polovtsy da fatattakakkun ƙasar Polotsk Prince Vseslav.

A wannan shekara Svyatoslav kafin shagaltar Kiev, ya mutu. Mutuwarsa Izyaslav yarda su koma zuwa babban birnin sake zama yarima. Chernihiv (hereditary gado Svyatoslav) ya aiki Vsevolod. Saboda haka, 'yan'uwa bar su dan'uwa da kuma Oleg Roman, ba tare da ƙasar, wanda suka samu daga ubansa. Svyatoslav yara da nasu squads. Amma tare da su tafi su yi yaƙi Polovtsy. Makiyaya sau da yawa ya tafi yaki a kira sarakuna, ko da ba tare da tambayar su wata ijãra ne, kamar yadda wani sakamako da suka samu a lokacin da fashi da makami na lumana kauyuka da kuma garuruwa.

Duk da haka, wannan alliance ya m. Ko da yake a 1078 Izyaslav Svyatoslavichy ci a yakin Nezhatina Field (Kiev gwamnan kashe a mataki), nan da nan Prince Roman ya da kansa ya kashe Polovtsy, wanda ya kira bãya gare shi.

Slashing a Stugna

A karshen XI - farkon XII karni. babban jirgin saman soja tare da steppe barazana ya Vladimir Monomakh. Polovtsi yanke shawarar reassert kanta a 1092, lokacin da tsanani da rashin lafiya Vsevolod, to, wãne mulki a Kiev. Makiyaya sau da yawa farmaki Rasha, lokacin da kasar da aka bayar ba tare da wani iko ko cewa an raunana. Wannan lokaci polovtsy yanke shawarar cewa Vsevolod cuta ba za ta bar jama'a na Kiev tattara karfin da kuma tare da wani hari.

A farko mamayewa zauna hukunta. Kumano, ba tare da hamayya, ya zare koma ga wuraren da suka hunturu makiyaya. Sa'an nan Ya shiryar man gas Tugorkan Khan da kuma Khan Bonyak. Iko, damƙa mafi steppe bayan wani dogon hutu da aka sanya yiwu bayan 'yan shekaru da warwatse hordes coalesced a kusa da shugabannin biyu.

All yi falala a kansu Polovtsy. A 1093 Vsevolod Yaroslavich mutu. A Kiev ya fara sarauta saba dan marigayin, Sviatopolk Yaroslavovich. Tugorkan tare da taro kewaye Torchesk - wani muhimmin birni a Poros a kudancin kan iyakar Rasha. Ba da da ewa kare koya daga cikin gabatowa taimako. Rasha sarakuna a lokacin manta game da juna da'awar da juna da kuma tattara su tawagar tafiya zuwa cikin hamada. A wannan sojoji suna shelves Svyatopolka Izyaslavovicha, Vladimir Monomakh da ƙaninsa Rostislav Vsevolodovich.

United tawagar da aka ci a yakin da River Stugna, aka gudanar May 26, 1093. A farko duka zo a cikin Polovtsian mutane na Kiev, wanda wavered da kuma gudu daga fagen fama. Bãya gare su sun farfashe Chernigov. Sojojin aka liƙe saukar zuwa kogin. Sojoji zo cikin sauri haye kogin dama a cikin makamai. Yawancin su suna kawai nutsar da su, ciki har da Rostislav Gromov. Vladimir Monomakh kokarin ajiye ɗan'uwansa, amma bai iya taimaka masa, ka fita daga cikin bubbling rafi Stugna. Bayan lashe Cumans koma zuwa Torchesk kuma a karshe ci birnin. The kare sansanin soja suka mika wuya. Sun kwashe su, da kuma birnin da aka a kan wuta. A tarihin Kievan Rus aka ɓaci ta daya daga cikin mafi tsanani, kuma, kawar da kashi.

Backstab

Duk da nauyi asarar, gwagwarmayar da Rasha sarakuna Polovtsy ci gaba. A 1094 ya ci gaba da yaki domin mahaifinsa gādonsa Oleg Svyatoslavovych kewaye Monomakh a Chernigov. Vladimir II bar birnin, bayan da ya da aka bai wa makiyaya a cikin looting. Bayan asasshe Chernigov rikici da Oleg aka ƙãre ba. Duk da haka, nan da nan kewaye Pereyaslavl Polovtsy kuma ya bayyana a karkashin ganuwar Kiev. Steppe dauki amfani da rashi a kudancin karfi teams, wanda ya tafi zuwa arewa ya dauki bangare a cikin wani gaba a kan Rostov ƙasar. A wannan yaki ya kashe dan Vladimir Monomakh, Murom Prince Izyaslav. A halin yanzu Tugorkan ya riga kusa da cewa ya dauki Pereyaslavl da jin matsananciyar yunwa.

A karshe lokacin da ceto tawagar ya zo birnin, ya dawo daga arewa. Yana jagoranci Vladimir Monomakh da Svyatopolk Izyaslavovich. The hukunci yaƙi ya faru a kan kogin Trubezh Yuli 19, 1096. Rasha sarakuna karshe m Polovtsy. Ya na farko babbar nasara na Slavic makami a cikin adawa da steppe ma'abũta a cikin past 30 shekaru. A karkashin wani iko duka polovtsy warwatse. A wannan bi da dansa ya rasu Tugorkan. A shekara, bayan ya lashe Trubezh Rasha sarakuna suka taru a shahara majalisa a Liubech. A wannan taron, Rurik zaunar da dukiya dangantakar. Hereditary gado na marigayi Sviatoslav karshe ya kõma zuwa ga yara. Yanzu sarakuna iya zo Grips tare da matsala Polovtsian, kamar yadda bukaci Sviatopolk Izyaslavovich, wanda ƙa'ida ci gaba da za a dauke wani babban jami'in.

Igiyar ruwa da steppe

A farko, gwagwarmayar da Rasha sarakuna Polovtsy ba je bayan Rasha. Squads taru kawai idan makiyaya barazanar Slavic garuruwa da kauyuka. Wannan dabara ya kasance m. Ko da Cumans suka ci, suka jũya zuwa ga iyãlansu steppe, sake samun ƙarfi, kuma bayan wani lokaci sake tsallaka kan iyaka.

Monomakh san cewa a kan makiyaya bukatar wani tushen sabon dabarun. A 1103 Rurik hadu a gaba majalisa a bakin Tekun Dolobskogo. A taron, an yi wani babban yanke shawara in je tare da sojoji a cikin steppe, a lair na abokan gaba. Haka abin ya fara da soja kamfen na Rasha sarakuna a wuraren Polovtsian makiyaya. A yakin da aka samu halartar Svyatopolk Kiev, Davyd Svyatoslavovych Chernigov, Vladimir Monomakh, Davyd Vseslavovich Polotsk da magaji Monomakh Jaropolk Vladimirovich. Bayan wani janar taro a Pereslavl Rasha sojojin sun shiga cikin steppe a farkon spring 1103. Shugabannin sauri, suna begen maza maza don cimma makiya. Polovtsian dawakai bukatar dogon hutu bayan da suka gabata yakin. A watan Maris, suka kasance har yanzu m, cewa ya kamata kasance a kan hannunka Slavic tawagar.

A tarihin Kievan Rus bai san irin wannan soja yaƙin neman zaɓe. Don kudu ya ba kawai sojan doki, amma kuma babban kafar sojoji. Shugabannin count a gare shi idan sojan doki ne ma gaji bayan dogon tafiya. Cumans, koyo game da m m na abokan gaba, aka hastily tattara a hade sojojin. Ta tsaya a kai na Khan Urusoba. Dakarun kawo wani 20 steppe warlords. The hukunci yaƙi ya faru Afrilu 4, 1103 a kan bankunan na kogin Suteni. Cumans suka ci. Mutane da yawa na da shugabanninsu sun kashe ko kama. Kashe da kuma Urusoba. A nasara a yarda Sviatopolk sake gina birnin St. George a cikin kogin Ros, wanda aka ƙone da baya a 1095 da kuma shekara da shekaru ya kasance komai ba tare da mazaunanta.

A cikin bazara na 1097 da farko Cumans sake tafi a kan m. Han ya jagoranci kewaye da birnin Bonyak Lubena na zuwa Pereyaslavl sarauta. Svyatopolk da Monomakh tare fasa sojojinsa, ya sadu da shi a kan kogin Sula. Bonyak gudu. Duk da haka, zaman lafiya ya m. A nan gaba, da soja kamfen na Rasha sarakuna aka maimaita (sau uku a 1109 - 1111 gg.). Dukan su sun kasance m. Polovtsy ya yi ƙaura daga Rasha iyakoki. Wasu daga cikinsu ma mayar da su cikin Arewa Caucasus. Domin biyu shekarun da suka gabata, Rasha ya manta game da barazana da Polovtsian. Abin sha'awa, a 1111, Vladimir Monomakh sanya wani yakin kama da jihadi na Katolika a Palestine. A gwagwarmayar da Eastern Slavs da Polovtsian ya kuma addini. Makiyaya sun Majusawa ( "ƙazantu" a cikin tarihin kira su). A wannan 1111 Rasha sojojin kai Don. A kogi ya ta karshe line. Suka kama da kuma sace birnin Polovtsian NPGs da Sharukan inda makiyaya saba wintering.

dogon unguwa

A 1113, Vladimir Monomakh zama Prince of Kiev. Tare da shi da ɗansa, Mstislav (har zuwa 1132), Rasha shi ne na karshe lokacin da aka guda kuma united jihar. Polovtsi ba dame ba Kiev kuma Pereyaslavl, kuma bã da wani sauran Gabas birni. Duk da haka, bayan mutuwar Mstislav Vladimirovich tsakanin yawa Rasha sarakuna suka fara jayayya kan hakkokin a kan karaga. Wani so don samun Kiev, wani da aka fada domin samun 'yancin kai a cikin sauran larduna. A cikin yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin su Rurik sake fara haya Polovtsian.

Alal misali, Yury Dolgoruky, wanda ya yi mulki a Rostov, sau biyar tare da makiyaya kewaye "Uwar Rasha birane." Polovtsi rayayye da hannu a cikin yakin basasa a cikin Galicia-Volyn sarauta. A 1203 da suka kasance a karkashin umurnin Rurik Rostislavovich kama da kuma kori Kiev. Sa'an nan, a cikin d ¯ babban birnin kasar na Roman mulkin Mstislavovich Prince Galitsky.

kariya daga cinikayya

A XI-XII cc. polovtsy ba ko da yaushe mamaye Rasha a kira na daya daga cikin ma'aikatansa. A lokaci a lokacin da babu sauran hanyar zuwa fashi da kuma kashe da makiyaya da gangan kai hari a Slavic ƙauyuka da birane. A Kiev Prince Mstislav Izyaslavoviche (mulki 1167-1169 gg.) A karo na farko a cikin wani dogon lokaci da aka shirya da kuma gudanar da wani Maris a cikin steppe. Squads aka aiko a nomadic wuri, ba kawai domin kare giciye-iyakar tsayarwa, amma kuma ya ajiye Dnieper cinikayya. Kasuwanci a karnuka dadin hanya daga Vikings ga Helenawa, a cikin abin da kayan da aka tsĩrar da Byzantine. Bugu da kari, Rasha yan kasuwa da aka sayar da arewa na dũkiyõyi a Konstantinoful, abinda ya kawo mafi riba da sarakuna. Rundunar 'yan fashi sun akai barazana ga wannan muhimmanci musayar kaya. Saboda haka, wani ɓangare na Rasha-Polovtsian da yaki da aka sa ta wani da tattalin arziki da bukatun daga cikin shugabannin Kiev.

A 1185, Prince of Novgorod-Severskogo Igor Svyatoslavovich dauka wani tafiya zuwa cikin hamada. A kan Hauwa'u akwai wani kallon masassarar rana, wanda Sahaban daukarsa a bad alama. Duk da wannan, tawagar har yanzu ya shiga lair na Polovtsy. Wannan sojojin da aka ci, da kuma sarkin da aka kama. Events yakin neman kafa tushen "Lay". Wannan rubutu yanzu ya dauki mafi muhimmanci abin tunawa na Old Rasha wallafe-wallafe.

Ana zargin mangolawa

Relationship Slavs da Polovtsian domin kusan ƙarni biyu da aka sanya a cikin wani na yau da kullum canzawar yaki da zaman lafiya. Duk da haka, a cikin XIII karni, da kafa domin marmashe. A 1222, a Gabashin Turai, da mangolawa fara bayyana. Rundunar 'ferocious makiyaya sun riga nasara da kasar Sin da kuma a yanzu ya koma zuwa yamma.

Kari 1222-1223 gg. Shi ne mai shari'a, kuma shi ne ainihin m. Amma ko da daga baya, da kuma Cumans, da kuma Rasha ji m kafin sabon abokin. Wadannan mutane biyu, musamman kullum a yaki da juna, amma wannan lokaci ya yanke shawarar yi aiki tare da wani m abokin gaba. A cikin yaƙi a kan Kalka-Polovtsian Rasha sojojin sha kaye. Kashe dubban warriors. Duk da haka, bayan nasarar da mangolawa ba zato ba tsammani ya juya baya ya tafi zuwa gidajensu.

Yana da jũna cewa hadari ya shige. All fara rayuwa kamar kafin: sarakuna sun kasance a yaki da juna, Cumans washe iyaka ƙauyuka. Bayan 'yan shekaru da m shakatawa Polovtsian da Rasha da aka hukunta. A 1236 mangolawa jagorancin Genghis Khan jikan Batu suka fara girma Ziyarar yamma. Wannan lokaci suka tafi don su daga ƙasashe masu nisa zuwa nasara da su. Da farko Polovtsi aka karya up, sa'an nan kori Mongolian Rassi. Taro kai Balkans, kuma akwai kawai ya juya baya. New makiyaya zauna a kafin da Polovtsian steppe. A hankali, mutane biyu da aka assimilated. Duk da haka, kamar yadda mai zaman kanta karfi polovtsy shi bace a 1230-1240 ta. Yanzu, Rasha ya yi magance mafi tsanani maƙiyi.