"Gabas" - kara amfani. A farko roka "Vostok"

A yakin duniya na biyu, ban da abin da ya kawo wata babbar adadin m wadanda kuma devastation sa ga kimiyya da masana'antu da fasaha juyin juya halin. A post-yaki rabo na duniya sun bukaci da cewa babban gasa - Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Amurka - wajen samar da sababbin hanyoyin fasaha, wajen samar da kimiyya da kuma samar. Tuni a cikin 50-ies na bil'adama bar a sarari: Oktoba 4, 1957 farko kumbon sama jannati da laconic sunan "Sputnik 1" circled duniya, gaba farkon wani sabon zamanin. Shekaru hudu daga baya, na farko cosmonaut bashe kewayewa jefa abin hawa "Vostok": Yuri Gagarin ya zama nasara da halittu.

prehistory

Yakin duniya na II, duk da bukatun miliyoyin mutane, da duniya bai ƙare. Yana fara adawa da West (jagorancin Amurka) da kuma Eastern (Soviet) raka'a - na farko domin dominance a Turai da kuma nan a dukan duniya. Yana bursts ake kira "sanyi yaki", a kowane lokaci zai iya juya a cikin zafi mataki.

Tare da halittar da makaman nukiliya da aka tambaya a kan fi sauri hanya na ceto a tsawon nisa. Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Amurka sun dogara a kan ci gaban nukiliya da makamai masu linzami iya a cikin 'yan mintuna ya buge abokin gaba wanda shi ne a kan wasu gefe na Duniya. Duk da haka, a layi daya zuwa gefen lanci m da tsare-tsaren bunkasa kusa-Duniya sarari. A sakamakon da roka "Vostok" an halitta, Gagarin Yuriy Alekseevich zama na farko da xan sama jannatin da kuma Tarayyar Soviet ya dauki da gubar a cikin makami mai linzami Sphere.

Space Race

A tsakiyar 1950 a ballistic harsashi "Atlas" ya halitta cikin United States da Tarayyar Soviet - P-7 (nan gaba "Gabas"). A roka da aka halitta da yalwa da ikon da damar da damar da shi da za a yi amfani da su ne kawai domin lalata, amma kuma ga sanyata dalilai. Shi ne ba wani asirin da abin da manyan zanen Sergey Pavlovich Korolev ta makami mai linzami shirin ya kasance mai taimako Tsiolkovsky da ra'ayoyin da mafarkin na cin nasara da kuma nazarin sararin samaniya. The yiwuwar R-7 ba ka damar ka aika da tauraron dan adam, ko ma manned kumbon sama jannati kashe duniya.

Yana da aka godiya ga R-7 ballistic da "Atlas" karo na farko da dan Adam bai kasance iya shawo kan karfi na nauyi. A lokaci guda m da makamai masu linzami na iya haihuwa zuwa ga manufa 5-ton kaya na manyan reserves na kyautata, maimakon Amurka. Wannan, haɗe da Gwargwadon wuri na kasashen biyu, don gane da hanyoyi daban-daban don ƙirƙirar farko manned kumbon sama jannati (GAC) "Mercury" da "Gabas". Booster a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da wannan sunan a matsayin PKK.

Tarihi na halitta

jirgin ci gaba ya fara a Edo S. P. Koroleva (yanzu RSC "Energia") a cikin kaka na shekarar 1958. Don samun lokaci da kuma "outdo" Amurka, Tarayyar Soviet da suka tafi tare da guntu hanya. A mataki na zayyana da kewaye dauke daban-daban jiragen ruwa daga cruise model kyale zuwa kasa a wurin da aka bayar da kuma kusan a ƙasa, to ballistic - a cikin wani nau'i na Sphere. Ƙirƙiri cruise makami mai linzami da wani babban kaya-dauke da damar da aka hade da wani babban girma da bincike, idan aka kwatanta da wani mai siffar zobe siffar.

Da aka bisa ga sabuwar tsara ya sadar nukiliya warheads, intercontinental makami mai linzami (MR) P-7. Bayan ta zamani da kuma haife "Gabas": da roka m da eponymous manned kumbon sama jannati. A peculiarity na "Vostok" ya raba tsarin da saukowa daga zuriya kwantena da kuma sama jannati bayan ejection. Wannan tsarin ne aka yi nufi ga gaggawa fitarwa na da jirgi a cikin aiki lokaci na jirgin. Wannan tabbatar da adana rayuwa, ko da inda dasa aka za'ayi - a kan wani m surface ko ruwa.

The zane na shirin mai gabatarwa

farko "Vostok" roka ga farar hula dalilai da aka ɓullo da ga kau da jirgin-da tauraron dan adam zuwa cikin sararin samaniya a kusa da Duniya a MP R-7-akai. Its jirgin gwaje-gwaje unmanned fara May 5, 1960, da kuma riga 12 ga watan Afrilu 1961 a karon farko da aka gudanar a manned sarari jirgin - mai dan kasa na Tarayyar Soviet Yu. A. Gagarina.

uku-mataki yi makirci amfani a dukkan matakai na ruwa da man fetur (kananzir + ruwa oxygen) aka kunna. A farko matakai biyu kunshi biyar tubalan: daya tsakiyar (matsakaicin diamita 2,95 m. Tsawon 28,75 m) da kuma hudu gefe (diamita 2,68 m. Tsawon 19,8 m). The uku sanda aka haɗa zuwa tsakiyar naúrar. Har ila yau, a tarnaƙi na kowane mataki suka bẽnãye tuƙi rawar daji. A kai da PAC saka (nan - da tauraron dan adam), an rufe shi da wani fairing. A gefe tubalan suna sanye take da wutsiya rudders.

Fasaha halaye na m "Vostok"

Da makami mai linzami da wani matsakaicin diamita 10.3 mita tare da wani tsawon 38,36 mita. Fara tsarin nauyi kai 290 tons. Kiyasta nauyin da dangi ne kusan sau uku mafi girma fiye da American takwaransa kuma daidaita 4,73 tons.

Gogayya boosters a wani wuri:

• Tsakiya - 941 kN.
• gefe - 1 MN.
• 3rd mataki - 54,5 kN.

GAC zane

Manned roka "Gabas" (Gagarin matsayin matukin jirgi) kunshi zuriya na'ura a cikin nau'i na duniyoyin m diamita 2.4 mita da kuma sallama na'urar-kayan daki. A thermal shãmaki shafi lander da wani kauri daga 30 zuwa 180 mm. A yadi ƙunshi shigar, parachuting da fasaha hatches. A lõkacin saukarsa inji ne da ikon samar da tsarin, thermal iko, da iko, rai goyon baya da kuma fuskantarwa, kazalika da kula da rike, hanyar sadarwa da kuma telemetry DF, m spaceman.

A tara reshe na'urar-located iko da kuma zirga-zirga fuskantarwa, da samar da lantarki, VHF rediyo telemetry, shirin-lokaci na'urar. A kan wani surface 16 sanya PAC nitrogen cylinders don amfani fuskantarwa da tsarin da oxygen for numfashi, sanyi radiators da hinged shutters, rana na'urori masu auna sigina da Motors fuskantarwa. Domin de-orbiting nufi braking engine, halitta a karkashin shugabanci na M. Isayev.

Zaune a koyaushe kunshi:

• gidaje.
• engine braking.
• ejection wurin zama;
• 16 gas cylinders Life, kuma fuskantarwa da tsarin.
• thermal kariya.
• kayan aiki daki;
• shigar, tsari da kuma sabis hatches.
• da akwati da abinci.
• hadaddun antennas (tef kowa rediyo rediyo umurnin tsarin).
• lantarki connector gidaje.
• ƙyama tef.
• ƙonewa tsarin.
• naúrar na kayan lantarki.
• tagar jirgin ruwa.
• talabijin kamara.

"Mercury" aikin

Jim kadan bayan da nasara jirgin na farko wucin gadi Duniya da tauraron dan adam a cikin Amurka kafofin watsa labarai ramuwa touted halittar wani manned "Mercury" kumbon sama jannati ko da suna da kwanan wata na farko jirgin. A cikin wadannan yanayi, yana da muhimmanci ga riba lokaci domin fito da nasara a sarari tseren, kuma a lokaci guda ya nuna wa duniya da magabaci da wani tsarin siyasa. A sakamakon haka, da jefa roka "Vostok" tare da wani mutum a kan jirgin ya rikita batun da m da tsare-tsaren da fafatawa a gasa.

Gabancin "Mercury" ya fara a "Mc Donnell Douglas" a shekarar 1958. Afrilu 25, 1961, na farko kaddamar da wani unmanned abin hawa a kan wani suborbital yanayin, da kuma a kan May 5 - na farko manned jirgin na sama jannati A. Shepard - kuma a kan wani suborbital yanayin minti 15. Kawai Fabrairu 20, 1962, watanni goma bayan Gagarin ta jirgin, na farko orbital da, gudu (3 jũya zaunanniya game 5 hours) jannati Dzhona Glenna a kan jirgin cikin "Frendshir-7". roka "Redstone" da aka yi amfani da suborbital flights kuma orbital - "Atlas-D". By cewa lokaci Tarayyar Soviet ya da wani aiki ranar jirgin cikin sarari G. S. Titova a kan da "Vostok-2".

Halaye wurin rayuwa kayayyaki

"Gabas" - wani roka zuwa nan gaba

Baya daga cikin biyar gwajin gabatar da na jiragen ruwa da irin wannan, shida manned flights dā aka yi. A nan gaba, dangane da "Gabas" Mun halitta jerin "Voskhod" a cikin sau uku da biyu zažužžukan, kazalika da tauraron dan adam fotorazvedchik "Zenith".

Tarayyar Soviet ta kaddamar da farko sarari sputnik da kumbon sama jannati tare da wani mutum a kan jirgin. A farko, duniya soma da kalmar "tauraron dan adam" da "jannati", amma a kan lokaci da suka kasance sunã maye gurbinsu da kasashen waje da harshen Turanci "tauraron dan adam" da "jannati".

ƙarshe

Space roka "Vostok" zai bude ga mutãne wani sabon gaskiya - sauka a kasa, kuma isa ga taurãri. Duk da maimaita yunkurin downplay muhimmancin jirgin na farko cosmonaut a duniya Yuriya Alekseevicha Gagarina Afrilu 12, 1961, wannan taron zai taba Fade, tun da shi ne daya daga cikin mafi shahararren wuri a ko'ina cikin tarihin wayewar.