Gwaje-gwaje da Pavlov - yana da fun

Har yanzu siga muhawara game da ko akwai Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, wani babban malamin da ya lokaci, ko da ya real yardarsa zuwa ga wahalar da ya "unguwanni". Bari mu yi kokarin jefar motsin zuciyarmu da kuma dubi duk abin da ma'ana.

Jigon da gwaji

I. P. Pavlov a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, dake kusa da St. Petersburg, Koltushi, gudanar da wani gwaji, karatu sunadaran da samuwar wani sharadi reflex. Karatunsu, da masu bincike gudanar a karnuka. Duk aikin da aka za'ayi a cikin wani irin "hasumiyoyin shiru" - musamman soundproof kadaici ɗaki a wadda akwai wani waje samuwar kasashe cewa zai iya rinjayen tsarki na gwaji. Scientist a lokaci guda kallon dabbobi ta hanyar wani tsarin na musamman da tabarau, ta hanyar abin da yake shi kansa ya zauna ganuwa ga kare. The kare aka kuma rubuta a kan wani musamman inji, wanda iyakance ya motsi.

A mayar da hankali Paul ta kwarewa da aka bai wa yadda karnuka amsa ga salivary gland shine yake zuwa daban-daban na waje samuwar kasashe. Domin wannan dalili, da dabba yi wani aiki, outputting da salivary gland shine yake bututu zahiri to kawai rikodin gaban yau, ta farko, profusion da kuma ingancin yau. Pavlov aka sa'an nan kokarin haifar da dabba mai matukar mayar da martani ga wani baya tsaka tsaki mai kara kuzari - sauti, da haske. Bugu da kari, daga-sa da kuma ƙarshen esophagus wajen saka idanu da fitarwa na ciki ruwan 'ya'yan itace a cikin karnuka.

Pavlov ta gargajiya gwaje-gwajen a karnuka sami cewa a lokacin da dabba bayan metronome nan da nan a yarda a ciyar. Bayan da dama yunkurin da kare ya fara salivate a sauti na metronome. Experience tare da Pavlov fitilar sarrafa a kan wannan manufa, amma maimakon na metronome amfani da wani misali kwan fitila, wanda bayan da kare samu abinci. Saboda haka kafin wani baƙo ga dabba ta zama tushen wani waje mai kara kuzari, wanda ya fara kiran shi a sharadi reflex. Abin baƙin ciki, ba duka samuwar kasashe sun kasance haka m. A cikin gwaje-gwajen, Pavlov amfani da lantarki, da daban-daban fanarite.

m aikace-aikace

Daya daga cikin mafi ban sha'awa misalai na gwaje-gwajen ne wajen samar da Pavlov sharadi reflexes a coyotes da dandano na rago. Domin fitowan da wannan reflex coyotes suka yar guba nama tumaki. Abin mamaki, bayan a karon farko sun daina farautar tumaki nama daure su bayyana daga gare su a bãyan m malaise. Mutane da yawa manoman nan da nan ya dauki shi a kan jirgin.

Rawar da gwaje-gwajen

A ka'idar asalin sharadi reflexes sanya fiye da shekara ɗari da suka wuce, da kuma a wannan rana ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi muhimman hakkokin a cikin tarihi na tunani. Ko da zamani masana ilimin tunani na shiryar da sakamakon gwaje-gwajen da na Pavlov a lura da wasu shafi tunanin mutum da cuta, kazalika da kafa halayya martani.

Pavlov ta karnuka

Mutane da yawa daga cikin ayyukan da cewa suna da za'ayi atisayen sojin, ya ƙare a gazawar da dabba. Kamar yadda Pavlov da kansa ya ce a lokacin da ya yanke, kuma ya halaka mai rai dabba, shi cike da caustic abin zargi, cewa karya m inji. Amma shi ya aikata haka kawai saboda gaskiya, kuma ga kyau na mutane. Ta wurin gwaje-gwajen, Pavlov duk tiyata yi kawai a karkashin maganin sa barci, don haka kamar yadda ba su sa ƙarin wahala ta dabba. A cikin aboki na masanin kimiyyar wa zargin kuma ya ce da shi shigar a St. Petersburg abin tunawa ga kare.

Yanzu Pavlov ta kare - shi ne ba kawai wani m gwajin dabba. Yana da wani real shahidi, da gwarzo na wani haƙuri suka sha wahala saboda kimiyya da kuma taimaka wa dukan mutumin. Game ta harbe mai yawa fina-finai, rubuta da babban yawan littattafai ne Monuments. Duk da mutuwa, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na wannan dabba ne har yanzu da rai. A sosai sunan Pavlov wani daga cikin mu kai tsaye hade da wani kare, saboda haka za mu iya amince cewa, wannan ne rare harka a lokacin da tunanin na gwaji dabbobi tsira da memory na babban masanin kimiyya.

ƙarshe

Saboda haka ya kasance a can wani babban masanin kimiyya Pavlov? Wannan tambaya za a iya amsa ainihin m kawai. Amma ko da ya hanyoyin an barataddasu? Babu wani guda amsar.

Lalle, taimakonsa da tunani ne invaluable, amma, da rashin alheri, wani lokacin kana da ya yi hadaya saboda kimiyya da wasu da'a norms. Bari mu manta da cewa duk tsira dabbobi suke a masanin kimiyya ta rayuwa-dogon fensho. Ina son su yi tunanin cewa ba kawai saboda kara lura.