Haihuwa kadaici: Definition, Haddasawa. Siffofin haihuwa kadaici: misalai

A panmiktichnyh kwayoyin (jima'i haifuwa) rubuta - a sa na kwayoyin ne irin wannan a dukan kewayon halayen da za su iya yi musu kyauta hybridize ta samar da m zuriyarsa. A ra'ayi na rufi da ake amfani a cikin mahallin microevolution, ko, kamar yadda shi ne ake kira, - kebantaccen. Haihuwa kadaici fara aiwatar da samuwar sabon nau'in kuma kammala shi. Amma ba duk siffofin da wannan sabon abu zai kai ga zargin wani sabon irin, kamar yadda ba kowane rufi take kaiwa zuwa karshe dissociation haihuwa alƙarya.

Isolating sunadaran a ci gaba

Mutane a cikin wani nau'in akwai kungiyoyin - alƙarya. Shi ne da yawan jama'a a matsayin naúrar na microevolution bauta a matsayin abu ga samuwar sabon nau'in, suka bambanta da 'ya'yan fari. Cikin jinsin tsakanin alƙarya kayyade abu ne musanyar a lokacin haifuwa tsari. Abin da ake kira da haihuwa ikon na jiki. Lokacin da, domin duk abin da dalili, wannan musayar tsakanin jama'a a cikin wani nau'in yana da iyaka ko gaba daya ba zai yiwu ba a ce wani haihuwa kadaici. A definition wannan hanyar juyin halitta ne don tabbatar da cewa mutane na daban-daban alƙarya ba zai iya samar da zuriya. A tarihin fitowan da wani sabon irin - sarkar daban-daban na haihuwa kadaici, ya maye gurbin ko overlapping, yin rabo na yawan komowar.

Haihuwa kadaici: rarrabuwa

Akwai da dama Concepts a cikin rarrabuwa na jinsin jama'a saniyar ware. Daban-daban sharudda da ake dauka a matsayin babbar alama goya wasu rikice batun. Bari mu dauki matsayin dalilin cewa haihuwa kadaici a matsayin na dindindin ƙuntatawa panmixia (free mararraba) - wannan shi ne na karshe mataki, karshe kebantaccen. Proponents na wannan ra'ayi na kadaici da jinsunan-an da aka sani ga masanan FG Dobzhansky (1900-1975 gg.) Kuma E. Mayr (1904-2005 gg.). Sassan haihuwa kadaici a cikin wannan m zai iya raba uku kungiyoyin:

• sarari rabuwa (Gwargwadon).
• muhalli rufi (kariya sunadaran).
• dace haihuwa inji hada da dokopulyatsioinnye (ta samar da zygotes) da kuma poslekopulyatsionnye (Pairing ya auku, amma kwai ne hadu ko ba, ko ya mutu, ko bakararre hybrids) cikas.

Lokacin da wani inji cimma panmixia rage mata: full ko m. A takaice, a cikin kowane rukunin zai la'akari da siffofin haihuwa kadaici. Misalai dake bayyana su za su taimaka su fahimci ainihin wannan ko da form.

Na sarari kadaici da alƙarya sunadaran

kadaici inji hade da daban-daban ƙasa canje-canje (faru na cikas a cikin nau'i na ridges ko kogi) ko ta hanyar magance a cikin manyan yankunan da form. A hali na take hakkin gene kwarara tsakanin rabu alƙarya auku haihuwa kadaici. The fi sani misali na wannan sabon abu ta samar da sabon iri iri za a iya daukan tsibirin creepers Galapagos, wanda ya zama daya daga cikin misalai ga Darwin "Origin of Species ta hanyar Natural Selection." Ko wani misali na blue magpie, daya yawan da cewa na zaune a kasar Sin, da kuma sauran - a Spain.

Environmental kadaici sunadaran

A Sanadin haihuwa kadaici da irin wannan suna hade da bambanci a alƙarya da kiwo yanayi na daya jinsin rai symmetrically, cewa shi ne, a wannan yanki. Alal misali, kiwo ko flowering yanayi ba daidaita. A cikin California Coast symmetrically akwai nau'i biyu daga Pine itatuwa: daya irin pollen wanka, a cikin watan Fabrairu, da kuma wani - a watan Afrilu. Yanayi muhalli kadaici ya zama su haifuwa. MISALI haihuwa kadaici, amma shi ya faru saboda da daban-daban forage databases nuna iri uku Antarctic like cewa ya faru daga daya phylogenetic m. Seal Veddelya ci kawai kifi, teku damisa - penguins da like, da kuma Ross hatimi - cephalopods.

Dokopulyatsionnye siffofin haihuwa kadaici

Inji kadaici - ba tare da sakamakon Pairing sa da daban-daban tsarin da haihuwa gabobin ko copulative. Alal misali, daban-daban na Sage da daban-daban flower siffar da suna pollinated by sauran ƙudan zuma. A wannan hulda a tsakanin orchids da Humming birds. Interspecies ma'abota tashi Drosophila take kaiwa zuwa rauni ko mutuwa da wani abokin tarayya.

Ethological kadaici - ba Pairing saboda bambance-bambance a jima'i hali (a courtship, tsarkakewa, dancing, luminescence ko pheromones bambanci). Alal misali, a hankali alaka jinsunan fireflies a m mace dabbar ta hanyar canjin daban-daban walƙiya (tare da sãɓãwar launukansa mita da kuma tsawon). Har ila yau, akwai za a iya ambata a cikin wannan mahallin, da jinsunan-takamaiman songs daga sparrows da kwaɗi. Kuma a kan ma'abota rituals tsuntsaye san kome da kome.

Gametic kadaici - rashin hulda da gametes ko gamete mutuwa. A wanzuwar irin wannan rufi an tabbatar da gwaje. Alal misali, iri biyu teku urchins da waje hadi haye American jinsi da kuma Denis Brachet. Kwai aka hadu amma tayi mutu a farkon matakai na gastrulation.

Poslekopulyatsionnye siffofin haihuwa kadaici

Wannan yana nufin ba viability na kwan da ya hadu da mutuwar wani tayi a farkon matakai na yanayin halitta na juya. Ko da mutuwar ba a haifa ba baby (ko mutane) zuwa ga isa jima'i balaga. Very kusa da manufar gametic kadaici.

A sterility na matasan dabbobi

Mafi yawa daga cikin dabbobi tsira interspecific hybrids ne bakararre, watau ba a iya samar da zuriya. A togiya iya zama semisterile hybrids. The inji wannan sabon abu ne quite hadaddun, dangane da gene, chromosome ko cytological dalilai. A nan ne kawai misalai na interspecific hybrids, wanda aka sani da suna ga kowa.

Hybrid na jaki, kuma a Mare - alfadari. Shi ne ya fi girma fiye da jaki da kuma karami fiye wani doki, a Bugu da kari, dauke da dabbobi sauki. Hybrids haɗa dangi subspecies karnuka da Wolves (volkosob, poluvolk) sun ɓullo da wani flair da kuma jimiri fiye da na al'ada kare. Mutane da yawa akwatin kifaye kifi - matasan siffofin (m Aulonocara). Su kyau, ya fi girma fiye da iyayentaka siffofin, amma a lokacin da ka saya kamata saka asalin da kifi, in ba haka ba za ka jira ba zurriyarsu. Kowa ya sani cewa da tsaba horar da shuke-shuke (tumatir, cucumbers), alama da wani F-1, - a matasan form. A 'ya'yan itatuwa daga wadannan shuke-shuke suna bar for iri.