Igwa: da iri da kuma kewayon wuta. Overview na manyan bindigogi bawo daga zamanin d zamani

Kada ka san abin da irin sojojin girmamawa da ake kira "Allah na yaki"? Hakika, manyan bindigogi! Duk da ci gaban da makamai masu linzami a cikin past shekaru hamsin, da muhimmancin zamani high-daidaici ganga tsarin ne har yanzu musamman high.

Tarihi na ci gaba

"Uba" an dauke su da Jamusanci bindigogi Schwartz, amma da yawa masana tarihi sun yarda da cewa ya isa yabo a cikin wannan al'amari wajen m. Saboda haka, na farko ambaci amfani na al'ada manyan bindigogi a fagen yaƙi nasa 1354, amma a cikin archives akwai da yawa takardunku cewa ambaci 1324.

Babu dalilin yi imani da cewa wasu manyan bindigogi gun aka ba amfani kafin. By hanyar magana, mafi ambaci irin wadannan makamai za a iya samu a tsohon Turanci rubuce-rubuce, da kuma ba a duk in da Jamusanci farko kafofin. Saboda haka, a abin kula ne musamman a wannan batun ne quite sanannun rubutun "A Ayyukan Sarakuna", wanda aka rubuta a cikin girmamawa Edward III.

Marubucin malami ne na sarki, da kuma littafin da aka rubuta a 1326 (lokacin Edward kisan). A rubutu akwai wani cikakken bayani na kwafi, sabili da haka dole dõgara kawai a kan wani subtext. Saboda haka, a kan daya daga cikin misalai da aka nuna, bayan wani shakka, shi ne mai real gun, wanda yayi kama da manyan gilashin fure. Ya nuna yadda daga bakin da "tulun" daukan kashe babban albarku, a nannade cikin girgijen hayaki, da kuma nĩsa tsaye a jarumi, kawai podzhegshy foda yin amfani da wani zafi sanda.

farko da bayyanar

Kamar yadda na kasar Sin, wanda shi ne wata ila don samun ƙirƙira gunpowder (a na da alchemists gano shi game da sau uku, babu kasa), akwai kowane dalili ya ɗauka cewa da farko manyan bindigogi a duk iya fuskanci ko da a gaban Kirista zamanin. Kawai sa, manyan bindigogi, kamar duk bindigogi, lalle ne, haƙĩƙa yawa girmi zaci.

A wannan zamanin na Charles Bold , wadannan kayayyakin da aka yi amfani a manyan yawa a lokacin da kewaye daga birãnensu, ganuwar wanda ya riga ya kasance haka tasiri magani ga kewaye.

kullum stagnation

Saboda haka me ya sa mutãnen farkon ya ba su nasara da taimakon "Allah na War" dukan duniya? Yana da sauki - farkon 14th karni igwa. da kuma 18 a. Sun bambanta kadan daga juna. Sun kasance sũ ne m, ma nauyi, samar da wani sosai matalauta daidaito. Ba abin mamaki na farko kayayyakin amfani ga rushe garun (da wuya a rasa!), Kazalika da ga harbi manyan yawa na maƙiyi. A wani lokaci a lokacin da makiya sojojin tafi a juna tare da m ginshikan, shi ma ba ya bukatar high ainihin bindigogi.

Kada ka manta game da m kamar yadda gunpowder, kazalika da ta unpredictable Properties: yayin da Sweden Rasha Gunners yaki wani lokacin yana da uku sau ƙara da kudi na hadin zuwa da zuciyar mai rufi maƙiyi sansanin soja a kalla wasu lalacewa. Hakika, a kan bindigogi AMINCI wannan al'amari da aka nuna frankly sharri. Akwai lokatai da yawa a lokacin da lissafi na manyan bindigogi a cikin fashewar bindigogi a general da wani zabi.

sauran Sanadin

A karshe, metallurgy. Kamar yadda shi ne yanayin da locomotives, kawai da sabuwar dabara na mirgina Mills , kuma a cikin zurfin bincike a fagen metallurgy ba da zama dole ilmi, don samar da gaske m kututturan. Halittar manyan bindigogi bawo na dogon lokaci bayar da dakarun "monarchical" gata a fagen yaƙi.

Kada ka manta zamo manyan bindigogi A waɗannan shekaru, suka lasafta a matsayin tushen a kan diamita na tsakiya amfani, da kuma game da sigogi na akwati. Ya yi mulki m rikice, da kuma saboda sojojin kawai ba zai iya riƙe wani abu da gaske kenan. Duk wannan ƙwarai kange ci gaban masana'antu.

Main iri na zamanin d manyan bindigogi tsarin

Yanzu la'akari da main iri manyan bindigogi guda, wanda a lokuta da dama gaske taimaka canza tarihi, watse komowar ruwa na yaki a cikin ni'imar guda jihar. A cikin shekara ta 1620 aka yanke shawarar a bambance da wadannan iri kida:

• Zamo gun daga 7 zuwa 12 inci.
• Perriere.
• Falcon da kuma minions ( "Falcon").
• Hannu kayayyakin aiki, daga cikin breech Loader.
• Robinety.
• Barin da ta dame.

Wannan jerin nuna kawai "gaskiya" bindigogi a fiye ko žasa da zamani ji. Amma a lokacin da sojojin da aka gwada da yawa haihuwa Cast-baƙin ƙarfe bindigogi. A mafi hankula wakilan daga gare su kulevriny da polukulevriny. By cewa lokaci, shi ya bayyana cewa giant igwa, wanda suka ga babban har kowa a baya lokaci, ba su da amfani: daidaito na banƙyama, kara hadarin fashewa ne musamman manyan, da kuma lokacin da ake bukata a recharge da yawa.

Magana sake zuwa sau na Bitrus da masana tarihi na waɗanda shekara sun lura da cewa, domin kowane baturi "unicorns" (jinsin kulevriny) bukata daruruwan lita na vinegar. Ya diluted a ruwa kamar yadda ake amfani da sanyaya overheated daga harbe-harben ganga.

Da wuya hadu da wani tsohon manyan bindigogi gun tare da wani zamo mafi girma daga 12 inci. Mafi sau da yawa amfani kulevriny wanda core auna game da 16 fam (game da 7.3 kg). A karkashin filin yanayi sun quite na kowa falsconet wanda core auna kawai 2.5 lbs (kamar kilogram). Kuma yanzu bari mu dubi iri manyan bindigogi guda da suke na kowa a baya.

Comparative halaye na wasu zamanin d kayayyakin aiki

Sunan bindigogi	Ganga Length (a calibers)	Dako nauyi, kilo	Est tasiri harbi nesa (a mita)
musket	Babu saita daidaitattun	0,45	50-75
shaho	30	1.36	70-100
Sacra	28	4-5,4	game da 400
"Asp"	20-25	4-5,4	1000-1067
Standard gun	17-21	9-45,4	to 1300
Polupushka	Babu saita daidaitattun	13.6	Har zuwa 200
Kulevriny (mazan manyan bindigogi gun tare da wani dogon ganga)	33	9-22,7	230-250
"A rabin" kulevriny	32	5,4-13,6	150-170
serpentine	babu Information	24	game da 300
bastard	babu Information	18.6	400-700
Kamnemet		9-45,4	900-1000

Idan ka duba a hankali tebur da kuma ga wani gun, kada ka yi mamaki. don haka mai suna ba kawai m da kuma nauyi bindigogi, wanda muka tuna daga cikin fina-finan game da Musketeers, amma kuma cikakken manyan bindigogi gun tare da wani dogon barreled kananan zamo. Bayan duk, tunanin wani "harsashi", yin la'akari 400 grams ne sosai matsala!

Har ila yau, kada ka yi mamaki kamnemetu gabatar a cikin jerin. Gaskiyar ita ce,, misali, da Turks a cikin sau Bitrus sakayya amfani tube manyan bindigogi, harba kernels, sassaka daga dutse. Suna da yawa m iya karya, ta hanyar da makiya jiragen ruwa dama, ta hanyar ba, amma sau da yawa sa tsanani lalacewar da karshen tare da na farko volley.

A karshe, duk data cewa an nuna a cikin tebur - m. Mutane da yawa iri manyan bindigogi bindigogi zai kasance har abada manta, kuma zamanin da masana tarihi sau da yawa ba sosai masani a cikin halaye da sunayen wadanda bindigogi da aka yi amfani da manyan yawa a lokacin da kewaye na garuruwa da kuma birãnensu.

firtsi ir

Kamar yadda muka ce, igwa manyan bindigogi ga mutane da yawa ƙarni wani makami da wanda, kamar yadda ya zama kamar ma, har abada daskarewa a ci gaba. Duk da haka, abubuwan da sauri canza. Kamar yadda a lokuta da dama, da sababbin abubuwa a cikin soja mai kula da harkokin da ra'ayin mallakar jami'an rundunar motoci.

Babban matsalar da na al'ada manyan bindigogi a kan jirgin ruwa mai tsanani sarari constraints, haduwar dauke da fitar da wani horar da. Ganin wannan duka, Mr. Melville da Mr. Gascoigne, wanda yake lura da samar na zuwa gare shi, gudanar ya halicci m gun cewa masana tarihi sani a yau a karkashin sunan "karonada". Yana ba da dari a kan ta akwati (ga mast bindings). Amma shi ne mai kananan ido, wanda sauri da kuma sauƙi za a iya saka wani karfe sanda. Ya daidaitu nẽmi dawwama a m inji manyan bindigogi.

A gun juya fitar da haske da kuma gajeren, da sauki rike. Est tasiri harbi nesa gare shi game da 50 mita. Bugu da kari, saboda wasu daga ta zane siffofi da damar kai projectiles wuta tare da Molotov cocktails. "Karonada" ya zama haka rare cewa Gascoigne zarar ya koma Rasha, inda talented artists na waje asalin yi ko da yaushe aka jiran, samu da daraja na janar da kuma matsayin daya daga Catherine ta shawara. Yana da aka a waɗannan shekaru, Rasha manyan bindigogi bindigogi da aka ɓullo da kuma samar a cikin wani mini ne fake sikelin.

Modern manyan bindigogi tsarin

Kamar yadda muka gani a farkon wannan labarin, a cikin zamani duniya manyan bindigogi da dama "da suke dakin" a ƙarƙashin rinjayar makamai masu linzami. Amma wannan ba ya nufin cewa al'ada da kuma roka tsarin wani sarari bar a fagen yaƙi. Far daga shi! Da sabuwar dabara na daidaici-shiryar da makamai masu linzami a kan GPS / GLONASS iya amincewa tabbatar da cewa "mazauni" daga m 12-13 karni zai ci gaba da kiyaye da makiya a bay.

Al'ada da kuma roka manyan bindigogi: wanda shi ne mafi alhẽri?

Ba kamar gargajiya ganga roka Salvo tsarin shigarwa kusan ba ba za a iya ri fitarwa. A wannan sun bambanta daga wani kai-propelled ko towed bindigogi, wanda a aiwatar da kawo a cikin harbe-harben matsayin da ake bukata iyakar tam lazimta da kuma tono a kusa da kan ƙasa, kamar yadda in ba haka ba shi yiwuwa ko da kife. Hakika, cewa game da wani m canji na matsayi ne daga cikin tambaya bisa manufa, ko da idan kai-propelled manyan bindigogi gun.

Amsawa tsarin ne azumi da kuma mobile, zai iya canza yãƙi matsayin for 'yan mintoci. A ka'ida, wadannan inji iya wuta ko da lokacin da tuki, amma daidaito na shot aka shafi mugun. A hasara irin wannan tsarin - a cikin low daidaito. A wannan "Hurricane" iya zahiri yankan 'yan murabba'in kilomita lalata kusan dukan abubuwa masu rai, amma zai dauki dukan baturi shigarwa tare da quite ba cheap bawo. Wadannan manyan bindigogi guda, photos na wanda za ka sami a cikin labarin, musamman ƙaunar da m developers ( "Katyusha").

A howitzer volley da "smart" dako iya lalata wani zamani tank da daya ƙoƙari, yayin da baturi roka launchers da kuma na iya bukatar fiye da daya Salvo. Bugu da kari, da "iskar", "Hurricane", "Grad" da "iskar" a farkon lokaci ba zai iya gane sai dai in da wani makaho soja, kamar yadda girgijen hayaki a wuri kafa sananne. Amma a irin wannan wurare a daya dako iya ƙunsar har zuwa dama da ɗari kilo nakiyoyi.

Igwa manyan bindigogi, saboda ta daidaito, za a iya amfani da su bombard makiya a lokacin da ta wuri kusa da su guda matsayi. Bugu da kari, kai-propelled manyan bindigogi gun barreled gaske don gudanar da wani counter-baturi wuta, yin shi ga mutane da yawa hours. A Salvo wuta tsarin wajen sauri karya a kututturan cewa ba da taimako zuwa ga dogon lokacin da amfani.

By hanyar magana, a cikin na farko Chechnya yakin amfani da "Grad", wanda gudanar da yaki a Afghanistan. Sa kututturan sun kasance irin wannan cewa bawo tafo wani lokacin a unpredictable kwatance. Wannan sau da yawa take kaiwa zuwa wani "sutura" nasu sojojin.

A mafi kyau tsarin na Salvo wuta

Shugabannin babu shakka zai zo manyan bindigogi Rasha "iskar". Sun harba projectiles zamo kamar 122 mm a nesa na 100 kilomita. A daya Salvo iya bayar up to 40 zargin, wanda rufe yankin na 84 dubu murabba'in mita. Cruising ne ba balle a kasa - 650 kilomita. Guda biyu tare da high AMINCI shasi da kuma motsi gudun 60 km / h, shi damar canja wurin baturi "iskar" a daidai wurin da a kadan lokaci.

Na biyu shi ne tasiri na cikin gida MLRS 9K51 "Grad", da m bayan abubuwan da suka faru a cikin ta Kudu-Gabas na Ukraine. Zamo - 122 mm, 40 kututturan. Gobara a nesa har zuwa 21 kilomita, a wani guda izinin iya "rike" zuwa yankin na 40 murabba'in kilomita. Cruising a iyakar gudun 85 km / h ne kamar yadda 1.5 kilomita dubu!

Na uku wuri ke HIMARS igwa daga American manufacturer. Ammonium yana da wani m zamo kamar 227 mm, amma kawai shida, sunã shiryarwa yan ganimar da alama na da kafuwa. Harbi da kewayon - har zuwa 85 kilomita a lokaci na iya rufe wani yanki na 67 murabba'in kilomita. Speed na motsi - har zuwa 85 km / h da kuma wani cruising kewayon kilomita 600. To kafa a ƙasar yaƙi a Afghanistan.

A karo na hudu matsayi ne Sin shuka WS-1B. Sin ba ta zama daki-daki: ya zamo kamar gun lãbãraiya ne 320 mm. A bayyanar, wannan MRL kama da S-300 da aka kera a Rasha kuma yana da kawai hudu ganga. Operating fuska ne game da 100 kilomita, karin yanki - har zuwa 45 murabba'in kilomita. Tare da wani matsakaicin gudun wadannan zamani manyan bindigogi da cruising kewayon kamar kilomita 600.

A karshe wuri ne Indian MLRS Pinaka. A zane - 12 Yanã shiryar da 122mm bawo. Da harbe-harben kewayon - har zuwa 40 km. Tare da wani matsakaicin gudun 80 km / h mota iya tafiya har zuwa 850 kilomita. Shafa yankin - kamar yadda 130 murabba'in kilomita. A tsarin da aka ɓullo da kai tsaye hannu na Rasha kwararru, excellently tabbatar da kanta a yawa Indian-Pakistan rikici.

gun

Wannan makami ne nĩsantarwa daga zamanin d magabata, wanda ya yi mulki a tsakiyar zamanai filayen. Zamo kamar bindigogi da cewa an yi amfani da su a cikin rãyuwar yanayi, daga jeri 100 (anti igwa "Rapier") zuwa 155 mm (TR, NATO).

Tsari na bawo amfani da musamman m: daga tuta high-m Shots to programmable projectiles cewa zai iya buga wani manufa a nesa na 45 kilomita tare da wani daidaito na dubun santimita. Duk da haka, da kudin na daya daga cikin Shots iya zama har zuwa 55 dala dubu! A wannan batun, da Soviet manyan bindigogi ne da yawa mai rahusa.

Comparative halaye na fi na kowa bindigogi samarwa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet / Rasha da kuma kasashen yammacin model

sunan	Kasar samarwa	Zamo, mm	Guns Weight kg	Iyakar kewayo (dangane da irin dako), km
GHN-45	Belgium	155	8900	30-39
GC 45	Belgium	155	8222	30-39
BL 5.5 inch (sun soke zama kusan ko'ina)	Ingila	140	5851	16,5
"Zsolt" M-68 / M-71	Isra'ila	155	9500	21
WA 021 (ainihin Belgium GC clone 45)	China	155	9500	30-39
M-46	Tarayyar Soviet	130	8450	27
2A36 "Hyacinth-B"	Tarayyar Soviet	152	9800	27
"Rapier"	Tarayyar Soviet	100	2800	3
Soviet manyan bindigogi C-23	Tarayyar Soviet	180	21450	30.5
D-20	Tarayyar Soviet	152	5700	17-24
"Dorinar ruwa-B"	Rasha	125	6575	12.2
G5	Afirka ta Kudu	155	13500	30

rokoki

Modern turmi tsarin da ake sauko daga zamanin d dame da kuma rokoki, wanda zai iya saki wani bam (har zuwa daruruwan kilo a nauyi) a nesa na 200-300 mita. Yau muhimmanci canja da zane, da kuma iyakar kewayo na aikace-aikace.

A mafiya yawa daga cikin sojojin a duniya domin yaki da rokoki rukunan gan su a matsayin igwa saka for harbe-harben a nesa na kilomita. Yana Notes tasiri na amfani da wannan makami a wani birane yanayi da kuma a cikin danniya na warwatse, mobile maƙiyi kungiyoyin. A cikin Rasha sojojin rokoki ne misali da makamai, suna amfani da kowane kadan tsanani soja aiki.

Kuma a lokacin da Ukrainian taron bangarorin biyu sun nuna cewa, ko da mazan 88 mm rokoki ne mai kyau ga kayan aiki da yaƙin yaƙi, da kuma counteract shi.

Modern rokoki, kazalika da sauran igwa manyan bindigogi, suna tasowa a cikin shugabanci na kara daidaituwa da kowane harbi. A zafi na bara, sanannen ma'ajiyar makamai kamfani Bae Systems farko ya nuna al'ummar kasa da kasa daidaici turmi akai-akai zamo 81 mm, wanda aka gwada a daya daga Birtaniya landfills. An ruwaito cewa, irin wannan tarin harsasai za a iya amfani da matuqar yadda ya dace a cikin zazzabi kewayon daga -46 zuwa +71 ° C. Bugu da kari, akwai bayanai game da shirya samar da widest kewayon projectiles.

Fatan soja hade da ci gaban high-daidaici min 120 mm tare da ƙara ikon. A sabon model ɓullo da ga US Army (XM395, misali), a wata fuska daga sama zuwa 6.1 km da sabawa na ba fiye da mita 10. An ruwaito cewa Shots aka yi amfani Stryker crews na sulke da motocin a Iraki da kuma Afghanistan, inda sabon ammonium ya nuna mafi kyau gefe.

Amma mafi alamar to date ne da ci gaban shiryar da makamai masu linzami tare da wani aiki abin da ya ƙunsa. Saboda haka, m babban bindigogi "Nona" iya amfani da harsashi "Kitolov-2", wadda za ku iya buge kusan duk wani zamani tank ne a nesa na kimanin kilomita tara. Ganin cheapness na kayan aikin, kamar sa ran bunkasuwarta na soja a duk faɗin duniya.

Saboda haka, manyan bindigogi da kuma a yau ne wani karaya shaida a fagen yaƙi. Kullum tasowa sabon model da kuma data kasance barreled tsarin samar da karin alamar bawo.