Ionosphere - menene wannan? ionospheric yadudduka

Cikin yanayin duniya da aka hada da dama sassa daban-daban tare da qagaggun. A stratosphere, exosphere, troposphere, ionosphere, da kuma sauran yadudduka kare dukkan rayuwa a duniya daga m cosmic radiation. Ba su an hada da oxygen a wani adadin ishe numfashi. Amma kowane aikin ta ayyuka. Alal misali, ionosphere - ne marinjãya Layer na yanayi ayi sama da 50 km. An don haka mai suna saboda manyan yawan ions kafa a sakamakon daukan hotuna zuwa hasken rana radiation. Sun riƙe da mafi yawan cosmic radiation.

Ionosphere: abun da ke ciki

Wannan Layer da yanayi kunshi cakuda gas. Akwai 'yan kaxan, saboda haka magana game da wani bakin ciki sosai iska a wannan tsawo. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa flights zuwa wannan wuri ne da ba zai yiwu. Mafi yawa daga cikin Duniya ta ionosphere ƙunshi tsaka tsaki sunadaran nitrogen da oxygen. Amma ta asali tsarin - shi ne quasineutral jini, a cikin abin da yawan gaskiya ma caje barbashi ne kamar daidai da adadin barnatar da caji. Irin wannan ions suna kara da nisa daga duniya. Saboda haka, ionosphere wani lokacin ake kira da jini daina kai hare hare na Duniya.

Ainihin tsarin da ionosphere daga 50 zuwa 100 kilomita sama da Duniya ta surface - shi ne oxygen, nitrogen, da kuma sodium. Amma bayan 100 km shi fara mamaye hydrogen da helium.

bayani na sunan

A ionosphere - a Layer da yanayi, don haka mai suna saboda babban mataki na ionization. Shi ne tushen ta X-ray, kuma ultraviolet hasken rana. Ions - An barnatar da cajin electrons. A ionosphere, su maida hankali ne sosai high. A matakin na ions dan kadan shafi Duniya ta magnetosphere. Amma da adadin ionized electrons sau da yawa qara a lokacin flares, kazalika saboda da nassi da da Duniya daban-daban basamaniyai, misali, meteorite barbashi. A dare, a lokacin da babu wani da hasken rana radiation a ionization matakin na da tasiri galactic cosmic haskoki.

Flares kai ga cewa kwarara fuskantar da Earth na farko barbashi - protons, electrons. Su shafi duk yadudduka na cikin yanayin duniya. Amma mafi yawan m radiation an jinkirta a ionosphere. Wannan cika fuska qara ta ionization.

A binciken da na ionosphere

Wannan Layer da yanayi da aka gano a cikin farkon karni na 20th masana kimiyya E. Appleton, Barnet M., kuma M. G. Breit Tuve. Suka gane cewa a tsawon kilomita 50 tun akwai wani Layer na gas nuna igiyoyin rediyo. Shi ya fara tsayar. An gano cewa, da ionosphere kullum dabam. Ko a lokacin da kwanaki na abun da ke ciki da kuma sauran halaye canji. Daban-daban yawa na gas a tsawo zavsimosti. Saboda haka, ionosphere ne zuwa kashi uku yadudduka.

Amma da cikakken fahimtar daga cikin halaye na wannan ɓangare na yanayi na bil'adama za a iya samu ne kawai a cikin biyu da rabi na karni na 20th. Mun yi karatu da shi tare da nazarin sasannin ionospheric tashoshin. Sai ya fara gano shi daga ciki. Da farko roka, sa'an nan da tauraron dan adam da suka haura zuwa cikin sama yanayi. Kuma da mutane sun iya fahimtar abin da ionosphere. Its abun da ke ciki da aka bincika da yin amfani da makamai masu linzami da tare da wani taro spectrometer. Shi ne kuma zai yiwu don auna sauran sigogi:

• da yawan zafin jiki.
• ion taro.
• lantarki watsin.
• ionization kafofin;
• musamman wuya hasken rana.

Tantance ionosphere ne ma yin amfani da rediyo hanyoyin - nazarin nuna igiyoyin rediyo. Kuma kwanan nan suka fara yin amfani da tauraron dan adam da a kan jirgin wanda da tashoshin da bincike binciko ionosphere daga sama. Wannan yarda da wani ra'ayin na ta gari marinjãya Layer, ba za a iya karatu daga Earth.

ionospheric yadudduka

Yana da wani ɓangare na yanayi ne ma ba uniform. A cikinsa akwai uku yadudduka da ciwon daban-daban digiri na ionization da gas yawa.

• A cikin ƙananan Layer, mikawa zuwa 90 kilomita, mafi ƙasƙanci ionization. The iska da aka ionized ƙarƙashin rinjayar Magnetic hadari, da duniya, kazalika da irin yadda X-haskoki na rana. Saboda haka a dare ionization aka fi rage.
• Na biyu Layer ne daga 90 zuwa 120 kilomita. An halin nufin yawa daga cikin ions, wanda ƙwarai ya karu a lokacin da rana ta hasken rana radiation. A wannan Layer, shi da aka nuna tsakiya da kuma gajeren igiyoyin rediyo. Wannan bangare shi ake kira ionosphere Layer Kennelly-Heaviside, wanda da farko karatu da shi.
• Sauran ionosphere sama 130 kilomita na uku Layer. A kalla matakin na ionization aka lura a tsawon game da tazarar kilomita 200. Wannan Layer ya sa ya yiwu a aika da short-kalaman igiyoyin rediyo a kan babban nisa. Na bude Turanci likita Appleton Layer.

Mene ne lemar sararin samaniya Layer

Kasa da ionosphere ne lemar sararin samaniya. Yana kare Duniya daga cutarwa sakamakon UV radiation kuma daga zafin rana hasãra. Masana kimiyya sun nuna cewa lemar sararin samaniya ne da amfani ga dukan abubuwa masu rai. Akan rage ta adadin ko wani mummunan tasiri a kan kiwon lafiya na mutane. Lemar sararin samaniya ramuka, wanda aka gano a cikin marigayi 20th karni, sa an karuwa a yawan cancers. Wasu masana kimiyya hade da irin matakai ne gas watsi daga ƙasa surface, kuma tare da lalata ionized babba yanayi yadudduka, wanda zama cutarwa ultraviolet radiation auku.

The sakamako daga cikin ionosphere a rediyo

A babban mataki na ionization na iska a cikin wannan Layer da yanayi zai iya shafar rediyo. Barnatar caje barbashi motsi da ka iya canza shugabanci na igiyoyin rediyo, har ma su sha da makamashi. A sakamakon haka, akwai babba amo, wucin gadi bacewar rediyo ko, a maimakon haka, ya karu slishimosti m rediyo.

Masana kimiyya sun nuna cewa shi ionosphere - shi ne Layer na cikin yanayi, abin da ya sa yiwu yada igiyoyin rediyo. Yana da haka ya faru da cewa saboda wadannan radoivolnam da wannan Layer a cikin 20s na karni na 20th da aka bude.

Domin a more m watsa rediyo tãguwar ruwa a tsawon nisa bukatar samun wani batu a cikin ionosphere refraction, gani daga wanda za su samu shi da wuri a cikin abin da kuke bukata. Wata matsala ita ce wasu daga cikin makamashi da ake tunawa da barnatar da cajin ions. Related to wannan shi ne sabon abu inda zango ne da sauri damped a ionosphere, kuma haƙĩƙa, sun shige mafi takaice. Bugu da ƙari, rediyo sadarwa tabarbarewa.Idan a lokacin Magnetic hadari, a cikin abin da ionization an rage.

Halakar da ionosphere

Kowa ya san abin da duniya yana bukatar yanayi. A ionosphere ne guda - shi ne Layer abin da na tsare da wasu yadudduka da wuya m radiation. Saboda haka, yana da muhimmanci cewa abun da ke ciki ne kiyaye a wata al'ada matakin. Amma ayyukan mutane a 'yan shekarun nan take kaiwa zuwa da cewa wannan Layer na yanayi ya fara karya saukar. Alal misali, lokacin da guje sarari dakin gwaje-gwaje "Skayleb" a cikin ionosphere aka fitad da babbar yawa hydrogen.

Sauran boosters ba kasa da tasiri a kan abun da ke ciki na yanayi. Space "Jigila" jefa a lokacin da konewa da babban adadin chlorine, carbon monoxide, aluminum oxide, hydrogen. A "Energia" - yawa nitrogen oxide. Duk wannan ta halakar da aiki yadudduka na ionosphere, da kuma rage adadin lemar sararin samaniya. saura man fetur na dogon lokaci zuwa tara a cikin sama yanayi. Musamman mai yawa daga gare su, dauke da cikin stratosphere. A ionosphere ne sosai kula canje-canje a cikin abun da ke ciki, don haka da ions ake halakar da sauri.

Sai dai itace cewa a lokacin da ka gudu da kumbon sama jannati tare da dukan hanya daga jirgin corridor aka kafa, da ake kira ionospheric rami. A wannan lokaci, cosmic haskoki iya shiga cikin yanayi da kuma isa ƙasa ta surface, adversely shafi duk rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.

arewacin hasken wuta

Ionosphere - wani wuri inda suranta irin wannan ban mamaki sabon abu na Aurora borealis. Yana auku a ƙarƙashin rinjayar radiation daga sarari. Lokacin da sararin samaniya da cajin barbashi motsi zuwa ga ƙasã ne a cikin babba yadudduka na ionosphere, da perturbation na ions ya auku, wanda kasan ana riskarsa kamar kyau iridescent haske. A gaskiya wannan tsari ne neutralizing a ionosphere vortices caje barbashi zuwa daga rana. Idan ba don wannan Layer "hasken rana da iska" iya hallaka dukan rai a duniya.