Irin tsarin salon salula na microorganisms

Bisa ga ka'idar ka'idar zamani, ɗayan ɗayan ɗayan halittu masu rai wanda ke rayuwa a duniya shine tantanin halitta. Yana da mahimmanci budewa ta kai tsaye da kuma samar da kwayoyin halitta. Tsarin da ayyuka na kwayoyin halitta suna nazarin ta hanyar cytology da kwayoyin halitta. Wannan na dauke da ƙayyadadden yanayin kwayoyin kwayoyin cutar, wanda shine kwayoyin prokaryotic. Wannan talifin zai bincika iri na salon salula kungiyar: guda da kuma kwayar kwayoyin, mulkin mallaka siffofin, kazalika da fasali na tsarin prokaryotic da eukaryotic Kwayoyin.

Matsayin kungiya na kwayoyin rayuwa

A ilmin halitta rarrabe 6 matakan rayuwa kungiyar: kwayoyin, salula, kwayoyin, yawan-iri, biogeocenotic da Muciya. Yi la'akari da matakin salon salula na ƙungiyar, inda ake amfani da halayen kwayoyin halitta (na rayuwa da makamashi) a cikin kwayoyin halitta, kuma ana haifar da haifuwa. A cikin wannan tsari shine canja wurin dabi'un jinsi (jinsin) daga iyaye ga 'yan Sanda.

Sabili da haka, kwayoyin unicellular sun kasance, a gaskiya, cikakkiyar haɗin kai da kuma masu zaman kansu, kamar yadda suke aiki da siffofin da ke da sifofi da kyallen takarda. Ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar da ke tattare da su sune mulkin mallaka da kuma yawancin mutane. A wani misali volvoksa zamu bincika siffofin siffofin mulkin mallaka. Ya ƙunshi sel daban-daban: vegetative da generative, ko da yake cytoplasm daure by outgrowths tare da juna, amma aiki mafi dacewa. Colonies na kore algae volvox - misali mai kyau na juyin halitta ci gaban kwayoyin halittu daga kwayoyin halitta zuwa kwayoyin halitta, wanda shine tsarin da yafi rikitarwa. An haɗa jikinsu cikin kyallen takarda, kuma suna samar da gabobin yin ayyuka daban-daban.

Tsarin kwayoyin halitta a cikin irin waɗannan kwayoyin an canza su zuwa sassa na musamman - tsarin jiki (numfashi, digestive, excretory, da dai sauransu). Saboda haka, kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta suna aiki ne kawai, kuma kwayoyin sune sassan tsarin.

Fasali na kwayoyin prokaryotic

Sel, wanda ainihin ba shi da shi, da kuma kwayoyin halitta - kwayoyin halittar DNA - suna tsaye ne a cikin wani ma'aunin cytoplasm mai yawa, ana kiran su prokaryotic.

The iri na salon salula kungiyar, wadda ake bisa wata ãyã daga gaban ko rashi na tsakiya - shi prokaryotes da eukaryotes. Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, ba-nukiliya Kwayoyin: kwayoyin da cyanobacteria, suna da wani tsari, hade da peculiarities na metabolism. A nan su ne: babu kwayoyin halitta kamar mitochondria, Golgi na'ura, lysosomes, vacuoles, cell cibiyar, da endoplasmic reticulum. Akwai ribosomes da suka hada da kwayar cutar kwayar cuta, akwai raƙuman gas (gurguntaccen rayuwa zuwa jikin ruwa ko cikin ƙasa mai m). Wasu siffofin suna dauke da kwayoyin motsi - flagella.

Amfani da tsarin da ayyuka na eukaryotes

Masana binciken halitta, suna ci gaba da nazarin irin salon salula, sun gano cewa kwayoyin nukiliya suna da tsarin da ke da mahimmanci na kwayoyin, wanda ke tabbatar da haɓaka da makamashi. Mun gode wa aikin da aka tsara na organelles, yanayin su na ciki yana nuna nauyin abun da ke ciki da dukiya - abin da ake kira cellostasis.

Eukaryotes, wanda ya haɗa da sel na fungi, tsire-tsire, dabbobi da mutane, sun ƙunshi tsakiya, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, mitochondria, ribosomes, tsakiya cell, lysosomes, plastids da vacuoles. A cikin eukaryotes, tsari na rarraba cell yana da wuyar gaske. An haɗa ta tare da kafa wani tsari, wanda ake kira spindle na rarraba.

Differences a cikin metabolism na prokaryote da eukaryote

Idan muka gwada kamfanonin salula da kuma eukaryotic, zamu ga cewa suna da alamomi guda biyu da kuma bambancin bambance-bambance. Alal misali, tsarin oxyidation na kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar oxygen da kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin halittu suke ɗauka suna haifar da sakamako irin wannan: rabuwar glucose zuwa carbon dioxide da ruwa tare da sakin makamashin makamashi a cikin nau'in kwayoyin ATP.

Wannan abu abu ne na samar da makamashi na duniya don dukkanin kwayoyin halitta ba tare da makamashin nukiliya da kuma eukaryotes ba. Bambance-bambance salula numfasawa sami, idan akai la'akari da tsarin, wanda daukawa fitar da wannan tsari. A cikin kwayoyin nukiliya, yana faruwa a kan lu'ulu'u na mitochondria tare da taimakon wani tsarin enzymatic - ƙwayar Krebs, kuma a cikin kwayoyin cutar an gudanar da shi a kan madaurin membrane cytoplasmic wanda aka kunshi enzymes.

Irin tsarin salon salula na microorganisms

Masanin binciken kwayoyin halitta da cyanobacteria, wadanda kwayoyin prokaryotic ne. Bacteria sun bambanta da nau'arsu kuma suna da sunayen sunaye: cocci (a cikin nau'i na kananan kwallaye), vibrios (yana da nau'i na ƙwaƙwalwa), staphylococci (kama da gungu na inabõbi). Irin wannan cyanobacteria a matsayin naman, anabena, sunadaran kwayoyin halitta tare da murfin mucosal cell, sun bambanta da kwayoyin cuta cikin cewa suna dauke da photosynthesizing pigments samu a chromatophores.

Dukan misalan da ke sama sun nuna cewa ƙungiyar salula na nau'o'in kwayoyin halitta daban-daban na da bambanci kuma yana da alaka da tsarin su da kuma ayyuka masu muhimmanci.