Italian likita hauka Lombrozo Chezare: biography, littattafai, ayyuka da kuma nasarorin

Lombrozo Chezare - sanannen criminologist, likita hauka da sociologist. Shi ne ya kafa na Italian makaranta na laifi Anthropology. A cikin wannan labarin, ya biography za a iya bayyana.

Matasa da ilimi

Lombrozo Chezare aka haife shi a Verona a 1836. yaron ta iyali da aka quite m, kamar yadda ya mallakar wani yawa na ƙasar. A cikin matasa, Cesare karatu Sin da Semitic harsuna. Amma ya kasa yin wani m aiki. A ƙarshe daga cikin sansanin soja a kan zargin da hadin kai, abu rashi, sa hannu a cikin yaki tada a cikin saurayi sha'awar ilimin halin tababbu. Talifi na farko ya kan batun da aka buga a Cesare shekaru 19, wucewa kiwon lafiya baiwa na ilmi (University of Pavia). Sun yi magana game da nan gaba likita hauka cretinism matsala. Wani saurayi da koyar da kansa irin wannan rikitarwa batutuwa kamar zamantakewa kiwon lafiya da kuma ethnolinguistics. A 1862 ya aka ciyar da su farfesa magani, da kuma daga baya - na laifi Anthropology, kuma doka ilimin halin tababbu. Lombroso ma ya jagoranci asibitin da shafi tunanin mutum da rashin lafiya. A muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ilimi samuwar taka leda falsafar positivism. Its main hakan - yardar fifiko kimiyya da ilmi, wanda aka samu gwaje.

anthropological shugabanci

Chezare Lombrozo kafa anthropological trends da laifi a cikin dokar da criminology. Babban fasali na wannan Trend ne cewa a criminology dole ka shigar da hanyoyin da na halitta kimiyya - kallo da kuma kwarewa. Kuma da ainihi daga cikin aikata wannan laifi dole ne a cibiyar karatu.

A farko anthropometric nazarin

Su da aka gudanar a masana kimiyya a 60s na karni na sha tara. Cesare aka aiki likita, kuma shi ma ya hallara a kamfanin domin kauda fashi da rashin tsaro a kudancin Italiya. Taru da Farfesa na ilimin kididdiga abu ya zama wata babbar gudummawa ga ci gaban laifi Anthropology da kuma zamantakewa kula. The masanin kimiyya bincikar da empirical shaida da kuma ƙarasa da cewa matalauta zamantakewa da tattalin arziki yanayi a kudancin Italiya, da gudummawar da haihuwa a cikin wannan yanki mutane wajen tunani da kuma anatomically anomalous irin. A wasu kalmomin, wadannan su ne talakawa laifi hali. Wannan anomaly Cesare saukar da tabin hankali, kuma anthropometric jarrabawa. A wannan hasashe, da kuma aka sanya a gaba-neman kima na ƙarfafa muhimmancin laifi. Ya na ra'ayi m masanin kimiyyar ya kalubalanci hukuma matsayi na Criminology, wanda ya sanya da alhakin a kan mutum wanda ya keta doka.

craniography

Lombroso, da sosai farko na masu bincike amfani anthropometric Hanyar yin amfani da craniography. Cesare Wannan na'urar ƙaddara size da kai, kuma da mutumin da ake zargin. A sakamakon da aka wallafa shi a cikin aikin "Anthropometry 400 laifi ne", wadda aka saki a cikin 1872.

Ka'idar "a haife laifi"

The masanin kimiyyar tsara shi a 1876. A sa'an nan bar aikinsa "The laifi mutum." Cesare yi imanin cewa, masu laifi ba su samu, wato haife. Wannan shi ne, bisa ga Lombroso, wani laifi - shi ne ma wata halitta sabon abu, kamar mutuwa ko haihuwa. A farfesa ya zo wannan ƙarshe ta hanyar kwatanta sakamakon binciken da mahaukaci Psychology, Physiology da kuma ilmin jikin mutum daga cikin masu laifin da su anthropometric data. A cewar shi, da laifin ne a degenerate, an lagging a baya a ta ci gaba da ci gaba da wata al'ada mutum. Irin wannan mutum ba zai iya sarrafa su halinku, kuma hanya mafi kyau - to rabu da shi, ya tauye rayuwa, ko 'yanci.

Akwai kuma rarrabuwa na masu laifi, tsara ta Cesare Lombroso. The iri laifi, a cikin ra'ayi, su ne: barayi, rapists, barayi da kuma kisankai. Kowace daga cikinsu yana m halaye atavistic yanayi wanda nuna gaban laifi propensity da slippage a ci gaba. Farfesa kasaftawa stigmata (jiki halaye) da hankulansu halaye, gaban wanda zai taimaka wajen gane mutumin, baiwa da haihuwar laifi nufi. Babban halayen da laifin Cesare tunani a sidelong duba, manyan muƙamuƙi, low goshi, wrinkled ya hanci, da sauransu. D. su gaban sa ya yiwu don gane da aikata wannan laifi a gaban hukumar na laifi kanta. A wannan batun, da masanin kimiyyar nema ya jawo hankalin mahukunta na sociologists, binciken burbushin da kuma likitoci, da kuma tambaya da laifi maye gurbin tambaya na zamantakewa harmfulness.

Af, a lokacin anthropometric ma'aunai suna sanya a kusan dukkan kasashen duniya. Kuma wannan shi ne hali ba kawai ga tsaron ayyuka da kuma sojojin. Alal misali, ilimi na anthropometry da ake bukata a cikin shiri na farar hula abubuwa da kuma abubuwa, kazalika don nazarin aiki kasuwanni (aiki karfi).

disadvantages ka'idar

Cesare Lombroso kimiyya ra'ayoyi sun quite m, kuma ba ya la'akari da zamantakewa da dalilai na laifi. Saboda haka, ka'idar da masanin kimiyyar da aka fallasa su kaifi zargi. Cesare ma yana zuwa laushi nasa matsayi. A baya ayyukansu, ya ranked a matsayin m anthropological type, kawai 40% na masu laifi. Har ila yau, masanin kimiyya gane muhimmancin maras hereditary - sociological da psychopathological - haddasawa na laifi. A wannan hasashe, shi za a iya kira a ka'idar biosotsiologicheskoy.

"Genius da hauka"

Zai yiwu mafi shahara aikin Chezare Lombrozo. "Genius da hauka" da aka rubuta da shi a 1895. A cikin wannan littafin, da farfesa sa a gaba daya babban sabawa rubuce-rubucensu. Yana karanta: "The baiwa - wannan mahaukaci kwakwalwa aiki, na da iyaka da farfadiya psychosis." Cesare rubuta cewa physiologically kama da 'yan baiwa kuma damu ne kawai ban mamaki. Sun gano guda dauki ga yanayi mamaki, da kuma gadar hali da kuma tseren shafar su haihuwa da wannan hanya. Mutane da yawa 'yan baiwa aka hauka. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: Schopenhauer, Rousseau, Newton, Swift, Cardano, Tasso, Schumann, Comte, amps da kuma yawan artists kuma Entertainers. A wani appendix wa littafin Lombroso bayyana munanan na kwanyar yan baiwa kuma ya ba da misalai na adabi ayyukan hauka mawallafa.

Ilimin halayyar, siyasa laifi

Da ya fi muhimmanci da yanki na al'adunmu a cikin nau'i na gudanar da bincike, Cesare bar wannan horo. "Anarchists" muqala da "yan siyasa da juyin juya halin da kuma aikata laifuka," - wadannan biyu ayyukansu, rubuta a kan batun. Wadannan ayyuka ne har yanzu rare a gida masanin kimiyya. The sabon abu na siyasa laifi ne aka prevalent a Italiya 19-20 karni a cikin nau'i na Anarchist ta'addanci. Farfesa yayi nazari shi a fuskar, idan akai la'akari da laifin, wanda selflessly kishin utopian manufa na tabbatar da adalci. A yanayi na irin wannan halayya masanin kimiyya bayyana depreciation na mafi girma a raga na tabbatar da adalci, cin hanci da rashawa na 'yan siyasa da kuma rikicin na dimokuradiyya a cikin Italian majalisar.

Wani shahararren aikin na Cesare Lombroso - "Love a, mahaukaci ne." Shi ya bayyana a cikin buɗi na ji na tunani da rashin lafiya mutane.

Gabatarwa don sarrafa physiological halayen

Cesare Lombroso, wanda littattafai suna da aka sani a ko'ina cikin duniya, ya zama daya daga cikin na farko a yi amfani da na bincike kimiyya don cimma Physiology. A 1880, masana kimiyya ya fara aunawa da ake zargin bugun jini da kuma jini a lokacin tambaya tsari. Saboda haka, ya zai iya sauƙi gano hanyoyin laifi tana kwance ko ba. A na'urar auna bugun jini da kuma matsa lamba kira ...

plethysmograph

A 1895, Lombrozo Chezare buga sakamakon samu bayan aikace-aikace na awon kayan a lokacin tambaya. A daya daga wadannan karatu farfesa amfani da "plethysmograph". A gwajin da ya faru kamar haka: wani kisan da ake zargin ya nema ya sa hankali da jerin ilmin lissafi lissafin. A wannan yanayin, da alaka na'urar rubuta bugun jini. Sa'an nan m laifi sun nuna 'yan hotuna da rauni yara (daga gare su akwai wani hoto na kashe yarinya). A cikin farko case, ya bugun jini tsalle, da kuma na biyu da aka kusa da al'ada. Daga wannan Cesare ƙarasa da cewa wanda ake zargin ta rashin laifi. Kuma sakamakon da bincike sun tabbatar da cewa ya kasance dama. Shi ne mai yiwuwa na farko rubuce harka a wallafe-wallafen na yin amfani da ƙarya injimin gano illa, wanda ya haifar da wankewa daga tuhuma. Kuma ya ce da saka idanu na mutum physiological halayen iya ba kawai bayyanãwa da bayanai boye su, amma kuma su tsai da rashin laifi.

Scientist mutu a Turin a 1909.

Lombroso a Rasha

Criminology farfesa ideas aka yadu da aka sani a cikin kasar. Suna wakilta wani yawan yake rayuwa da kuma posthumous bugu na Cesare Lombroso: "Woman-laifi kuma wata karuwa", "Anti-Semitism", "anarchists," da dai sauransu A 1897, wani masanin kimiyya zo zuwa Congress of Rasha likitoci suka yi Italian m liyafar. A cikin memoirs, Cesare nuna cewa lokacin da ya biography. Ya yi tir da tsarin zamantakewa na Rasha da 'yan sanda rashin tausayi ( "yanayi na danniya da na sanin yakamata, hali tunani") da kuma mulkin.

Lombrozianstvo

Kalmar da aka rarraba shi ko'ina a Soviet lokaci da kuma da sanya shugabanci anthropological makaranta na laifi dokar. Musamman soki koyarwar Cesare A haife laifi. Soviet imamiyya yi imani da cewa irin wannan fuskanta shi ne saba wa ka'ida na haramun ce, kazalika da reactionary kuma anti-kasa fuskantarwa tun Allah wadai da juyin juya halin Musulunci mataki na maida su ba kome mutane. Irin wannan son zuciya akida m brushed ajiye amfanoni da dama farfesa a nazarin da tushen wannan zanga-zanga da kuma tsauraran siffofin zamantakewa gwagwarmaya.

ƙarshe

Duk da kurakurai da kuma adalci zargi wasu ka'idojin ka'idarsa, Lombrozo Chezare - daya daga cikin mafi girma da masana kimiyya na karni na sha tara. Ya kasance wani majagaba a cikin gabatarwar doka kimiyya na haƙiƙa hanyoyin. Amma aikinsa da aka bai da wani gagarumin impetus ga ci gaban doka tunani da kuma criminology.