Jihar tsarin - menene wannan? Ãyõyin gwamnati. Mene ne kasa harkar shugabanci

Harkar shugabanci a yau ne wata multifaceted tsarin, wanda aka inextricably nasaba da tsakiyar hukumomi da ciki administrative-yankin abokai. A gaskiya, da ka'idodin da hulda tsakanin bijiro da batun kafa raka'a na jihar da kuma cibiyar ne factor cewa kayyade ƙungiya form. Haduwar wadannan dangantaka, da mataki na iko da mulki, kuma kayyade yanayin shugabanci. A duniya ta yau kungiyar na gwamnatin suna ƙara mayar da hankali a kan mulkin demokra dabi'u. Wannan shi ne musamman bayyanannu a cikin misali na tarayya da kuma na kasa jihohi, wanda daukan la'akari da bukatun daban-daban kungiyoyin.

A general manufar gwamnati

A ka'idar dokar, akwai da dama hanyoyin magance tambayoyi game da tsarin da jihar. Matsayin mai mulkin, mafi yawan rikice-rikice a tsakanin masana ne definition na ma'aikata cikin sharuddan takamaiman siffofin - misali, a tarayya ko unitary. Duk da haka, shi ne kullum yarda da cewa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar - a yankin tsarin da kasa, wanda ya haddasa ta rabuwa a cikin ta bangaren sassa, kazalika da bayyana dangantakar dake tsakanin hukumomin. Nau'in na'ura siffofin sun fi mayar da m da digiri daga mulki a raba abokai a cikin jihar. Da dama jinsin irin siffofin, amma bisa manufa rabuwar burbushi tsakanin unitary da kuma tarayya jihohi. Har ila yau, ya kamata a lura shi ne da tsari, wanda ba su kasance a jihar tsarin. Alal misali, a wannan batun shi ne don samar da babbar hanyar al'umma, kungiya ta kashin da kuma al'umma na jihohi.

unitary jihar

Wannan nau'i na na'urar ne halin a cewa ta bangaren tsari, watau administrative raka'a ba su da ãyõyin m cin gashin. Duk da haka hadaddun form har yanzu azurta bayar da abokai nasu kafa dokoki. Za mu iya cewa da unitary jihar tsarin - shi ne kungiyar tsarin da kasa, a cikin abin da duk sassan suke kunshe a daya matsayi, biyayya ga gwamnati, amma shi ba ya yi da kansa da mulki. A sauki misali na irin wannan ba ya samar don Gudanarwa da kuma yankin division kanta. Amma wannan shi ne nadiri - misali, a cikin irin wannan kananan kasashe kamar Singapore da kuma Malta. A daya hannun, misalai na kasashen da hadaddun unitary fom na iya hada bayar da wasu cin gashin bijiro da batun kafa raka'a, wanda zai iya zama yankin ko extraterritorial. A cikin farko idan, misali, cin gashin iya mika wa mai raba yankin ko Locality, kuma a karo na biyu - sun hada da kawai mutane na wani kasa.

ÃyõyinSa unitary na'urar

Kamar yadda za a iya gani, da unitary fom na iya samun wasu bambance-bambance, amma ga mafi fahimtar wannan hanya na shirya jihar kamata ayyana da halaye. Saboda haka, unitary nau'i na gwamnati na kasashen da na'urar ne halin da wadannan siffofin:

• Hukumomin an kafa a guda tsarin mayar da hankali a kan karkashi na daya cibiyar. A wannan majalisu jiki iya kawai da daya-jam'iyya na'urar.
• Jihar ikon da aka mayar da hankali a general a kan jihohi, da kuma ilimi da aka gyara na kasar ba su da ikon mallaka, da cewa shi ne, ba su da 'yanci kuma suna magana da cibiyar.
• Single dan kasa.
• majalisu tsarin da aka wakilta daya matakin. A wannan yanayin, guda kundin tsarin mulki ga dukan ƙasar.

Regional fom

Kafin juya zuwa ga gwamnatin tarayya, shi wajibi ne don ware da kuma tsaka-tsakin sifa - yankin. A wannan yanayin shi ne a zaci cewa mutum samuwar cikin wani jihar iya samun mulkin kai, da kuma tare da manyan ikokin. Wannan shi ne sun fi mayar da tsarin a na kowa da wani tarayya tsarin, amma akwai wasu bambance-bambance. Alal misali, yankin jihar tsarin - wani nau'i na kungiyar na kasa a wadda ta batutuwa suna dauke da m iko, amma har yanzu da dogara a kan gwamnatin tsakiya. A karshen al'amari za a iya bayyana a hanyoyi daban-daban. Saboda haka, kawai kotun tsarin may, a wasu kasashe, muhimmanci yanke shawara a administrative-yankin tsarin. A wannan hanya, da kuma shi ne da za'ayi iko a kan bijiro da batun kafa sassan jihar. A lokuta da dama, da sosai cin gashin ne kawai maras muhimmanci. Amma akwai kuma misalai da gaban, inda cikin yankuna suna da cikakken baiwa da ikon siffar} ananan hukumomi, gwamnatin, hukunci, kuma haka a. D.

federated jihar

Ba kamar da unitary tsari, hukumar yakan haifar da bayar da jihar sarki wasu batutuwa, amma a wata iyaka hanya. Wannan hanya na kungiyar da kuma dogara ne a kan rarraba iko tsakanin yankin management abokai da kuma cibiyar. By yanayin da samuwar da aka gyara na wani tarayya jihar kasu kashi uku:

• Gudanarwa Federation. A wannan yanayin, shi aka zaci administrative da kuma tsarin siyasa a wadda duk da ciki samuwar kafa tushen tattalin arziki, da tarihi, labarin kasa da sauran fasali.
• National nau'i na ilimi. A irin wannan Tarayya batutuwa kasu kashi kasa da kasa da daidaitawa da halaye, wanda sa al'ummai da suke zaune a karkarar kasar.
• Mixed Federation. Har ila yau shi ne ake kira na kasa yankin siffar a cikin abin da samuwar kumshin sassa an fuskantar da yankin da kuma na kasa rabo ka'idojin.

Ãyõyin wani tarayya jihar

Daya daga cikin manyan siffofin da wannan tsari na na'urar ne rabuwar abubuwa na iko tsakanin babban tushen ikon da hukumar. A gaba fasalin wasu har daga gabanin - wani biyu-bene tsarin hukumomi. Wannan ne, da jama'a hukumomi a wannan harka ta tanadi wani tarayya reshe da majalisar batutuwa, wanda yana da hakkin ya kafa gida gwamnati. Har ila yau ya bambanta da na tarayya tsarin na iya zama wata biyu-bene tsarin na dokokin. Wannan yana nufin cewa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar da kuma shari'a tsarin ne duka biyu a tsakiyar matakin da a mahaluži matakin. A wasu lokuta, da aka gyara za a iya shigar gida dan kasa - a Bugu da kari ga janar na tarayya.

tarayya

Kamar yadda muka rigaya muka gani, idan m tsarin kula da ma'aikata na gwamnati, da kungiyoyin kwadago ba su shafi cikin siffofin kungiyar. Duk da haka, akwai ban, wasu daga wanda za a iya kunna kuma tarayya. A wannan yanayin, jihar tsarin - wani nau'i na ƙungiyar na kasashe da dama, wanda ake aiwatar domin cimma tattalin arziki, siyasa, ko kuma sauran dalilai. A gaskiya, da dalilin da la'akari da wannan nau'i na gwamnati ne da ikon canja wurin ƙungiyar Tarayya. Ya kamata ya yi la'akari da yiwuwar ta lalace cikin da dama unitary jihohi. Confederation fom da aka sani misalai na da samuwar statehood a Switzerland, Jamus da kuma Amurka. A lokuta daban-daban, wadannan kasashe wakiltar jam'iyya, wanda daga baya ya canza kama zuwa cikakken fledged jihar.

ãyõyin Confederation

A ta ba fom da Confederate ãyõyi harkar shugabanci quite bambance bambancen da kuma sau da yawa zo a cikin rikici tare da real halin da ake ciki. Alal misali, wannan Switzerland a hukumance ya zauna a tarayya, kuma lalle ne, haƙĩƙa dogon aka halin da tarayya tsarin. Duk da haka dai, a cikin classic ãyõyin a tarayya ne da wadannan:

• Duk wani Jihar wanda shi ne wani ɓangare na wani alliance, zai iya yi da kansa sojoji da kuma hukumomi. A wannan yanayin, kawai da hakan hukumomi, don gudanar da bangaren sassa aka kafa a tsakiyar matakin.
• Ciki da ilimi da mulki, wanda aka bayyana a cikin cikar jihar iko.
• All mambobi ne na jam'iyya jihar da da kansa kundin tsarin mulkin da 'yan majalisu jikinsu, da kuma soma wani na kowa confederal kundin tsarin mulkin kasar a matakin qarshe. Duk da haka, kadai majalisu jiki a cikin kungiyar tarayyar matakin can.
• Dan kasa Confederation, kamar yadda mai mulkin, ba a bayar.
• Bayan kai su a raga, kowane Jihar iya aikin janye daga Union.

Mene ne kasa a jihar tsarin?

statehood da wuya ya faru ba tare da la'akari da peculiarities na kasa sovereignties na qasashe daban-daban da suke zaune a kasar. Wannan hanya na shirya iya faru a cikin wani unitary da wani tarayya jihar. A mafi kusa ga kasa-jihar tsarin ne kawai a tarayya nau'i na kungiyar, tun da shi ne mafi kusantar da shawara gaban al'ummai da yawa a cikin daya ƙasar. Wannan shi ne, su fahimci abin da kasa harkar shugabanci, ya kamata a shiryar da kabilu al'umma. Matsayin mai mulkin, da ake kira tsarin na jihohi a cikin abin da 'yan asalin rayuwa, wakiltar daban-daban kasashe.

siyasa gwamnatin

A karkashin tsarin mulki na gwamnatin fahimci mamaye harkokin siyasa, da aka bayyana a cikin totality of hanyoyin, siffofin da kuma hanyoyin da aiwatar da dangantakar a cikin al'umma. Yana kuma iya gani a matsayin wata hanya ce ta samuwar da kuma aiki na siyasa tsarin. Don kwanan wata, irin gwamnatocin ne dacewa harkar shugabanci, dimokuradiyya, in mulkin da totalitarianism. Kowace daga cikin wadannan halaye ne halin da nasu wajen gudanar da mulki, da mataki na hannu na mutane management, hali zuwa da shari'a tsarin, da sauransu. D. Yana da muhimmanci a tuna cewa abubuwa na samuwar siyasa shugabanci a wani takamaiman yanayin iya dogara ne a kan daban-daban dandamali, ciki har da kayayyakin aiki na sociological, hukumomi, kazalika da akida.

nau'i na gwamnati

Wani muhimmin kashi na nau'i na jihar ne wani nau'i na gwamnati. Shi ne wanda ya kayyade abin da ka'idojin za su samar gwamnatoci. Alal misali, lokacin da daular mulkinsu nau'i na gwamnati, a jihar gwamnatin, tsarin siyasa da kuma sauran kungiyar na ikon ne gaba daya ƙarƙashin nufin mutum guda. A daya hannun, da jamhuriyar ya hada da sa hannu a cikin samuwar da kuma tsarin da jihar tsarin gwamnati a kan wani ɓangare na al'umma da kuma, musamman, na kowane dan kasa. A wani matsanancin hali irin wannan dama jarin da wakilin cibiyoyin, wanda, bi da bi, su ne alhakin da} ungiyoyin jama'a.

ƙarshe

Hukumomin gwamnati kafa a kan mutane da yawa ƙarni, amma yau ba za mu iya ce cewa akwai wani uniform tsarin kula da mafi kyau duka kungiyar da ke tsakanin gwamnatin tsakiya da kuma yankin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. A lokacin, Jihar tsarin na jihar kwakwalwa wasu model, babban abin da suke unitary da kuma tarayya siffofin. Kowace daga cikinsu yana da kansa musamman fasali, amma akwai da yawa kamance. Ga misali, mafi girma jikin dokokin a lokuta biyu ne jikin na gwamnatin tsakiya. A daidai wannan lokaci shi ne undeniable cewa Tarayya na samar da karin dama ga tafarkin tsara gudanarwa abokai a cikin su iko.