Jiki-Gwargwadon kimiyya. Misalai na jiki labarin kasa

Mutane da yawa amfani da su yi tunanin cewa labarin kasa da aka jawabi daya kadai tambaya: "Yadda za a samu daga batu A to auna B?" A gaskiya, a cikin bukatun da kimiyya - cikkaken kewayon tsanani da kuma gaggawa matsaloli. Modern labarin kasa yana da wani wajen hadaddun tsarin, wanda ya shafi rabon cikin wani jam'i na daban-daban tarbiyya. Daya daga cikinsu shi ne ta jiki da kuma Gwargwadon kimiyya. Shi ke nan game da shi za a tattauna a wannan labarin.

Labarin kasa a matsayin kimiyya

Labarin kasa - da kimiyya da karatu da na sarari kungiyar na kasa fasali na Duniya harsashi. Maganar yana Greek tushen: "geo" - ƙasar da "Count" - I rubuta. Wannan shi ne a zahiri da Kalmar "labarin kasa" za a iya fassara a matsayin "zemleopisanie".

Farko da masana kimiyya-geographers sun zamanin d Helenawa: Strabo, Klavdiy Ptolemey (wanda aka buga wani takwas girma aiki mai suna "yanayin kasa"), Herodotus, Eratosthenes. A karshen, ba zato ba tsammani, na farko don auna sigogi na duniya, kuma Ya sanya shi quite sosai.

Babban harsashi na duniya - shi ke da lithosphere, yanayi, hydrosphere da biosphere. Labarin kasa ta mayar da hankali a kan su. Yana bincika musamman na labarin kasa harsashi bangaren hulda a duk wadannan matakan, kazalika da wuri alamu.

Major Gwargwadon yankunan kimiyya da labarin kasa

Kasa kimiyya za a iya raba biyu main sassan. Su ne:

1. Jiki da kuma Gwargwadon kimiyya.
2. Zamantakewa da tattalin arziki labarin kasa.

A farko nazarin da halitta fasali (tẽku, dutsen jeri, tabkuna, da dai sauransu ...), Kuma na biyu - da mamaki da kuma matakai da faruwa a cikin al'umma. Kowace daga cikinsu - da bincike hanyoyin, wanda zai iya bambanta da cin zarafi ba. Kuma idan horo na labarin kasa na farko sashe kusa da kimiyyar yanayin halitta (kimiyyar lissafi, sunadarai, da dai sauransu ...), The karshen - da al'adu (kamar ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a, tattalin arziki, tarihi, Psychology).

A wannan labarin, za mu kula da farko sashe na Gwargwadon kimiyya, listing duk manyan yankunan na jiki labarin kasa ne.

Jiki Yanayin kasa da tsarin

A yawa na lokaci za bukatar cewa jerin duk da matsaloli, da sha'awar jiki labarin kasa. Haka kuma, yawan kimiyya tarbiyya yana da nisa fiye da dozin. Features na ƙasa rarraba ƙarfafa muhimmancin rufaffiyar ruwa jikinsu, da samuwar halitta da ciyayi zones - ne duk misalai na jiki labarin kasa, ko wajen, da matsaloli cewa sha'awar ta.

Jiki labarin kasa za a iya ginannun bisa ga dokoki biyu: yankin da kuma bangaren. Kamar yadda na farko, alama jiki labarin kasa na duniya, nahiyoyi, tekuna,} asashe ko yankuna. A cewar wani biyu manufa, asirce da dama sciences, kowanne daga abin da aka karatu a musamman harsashi duniya (ko ta mutum aka gyara). Saboda haka, jiki yanayin kimiyya ya shafi babban adadin kunkuntar reshe tarbiyya. Daga cikin su:

• kimiyya, nazarin lithosphere (geomorphology, labarin kasa na kasa da kayan yau da kullum na kasar gona kimiyya).
• kimiyya karatu yanayi (meteorology, climatology).
• kimiyya karatu hydrosphere (oceanography, limnology, glaciology da sauransu).
• kimiyya, nazarin biosphere (biogeography).

Bi da bi, da general jiki labarin kasa ya takaita da binciken na dukan waɗannan sciences, da kuma jimloli da duniya alamu na aiki na Gwargwadon ambulan na Duniya.

Science, nazarin lithosphere

Lithosphere kuma da taimako na Duniya - shi ne daya daga cikin manyan abubuwa na nazarin jiki labarin kasa. Suna karatu yafi a biyu na labarin kasa kimiyya tarbiyya - yana da binciken kasa da geomorphology.

The wuya harsashi na duniya tamu, ciki har da Duniya ta ɓawon burodi da kuma na sama alkyabbar - da lithosphere ne. Location of sha'awa kamar yadda ciki matakai da faruwa a shi, kuma su waje bayyananen bayyana a taimako na duniya surface.

Geomorphology - da kimiyya da karatu da ƙasa: ta asalin, ka'idodinta samuwar, da muhimmancin ci gaba, kazalika da alamu na Gwargwadon rarraba. Abin da tafiyar matakai form bayyanar duniya tamu? Wannan shi ne babban tambaya, wanda aka tsara su don saduwa da geomorphology.

Level, tef gwargwado, protractor - Waɗannan su ne babban kayan aiki a geomorphology sau daya. Yau, su ne mafi kusantar su yi amfani da hanyoyin kamar kwamfuta da kuma ilmin lissafi tallan kayan kawa. A mafi kusa dangantaka a geomorphology - da irin wannan sciences kamar yadda binciken kasa, surveying, kasar gona kimiyya da kuma birane shiryawa.

A sakamakon wannan bincike a fannin kimiyya da babban m muhimmanci. Bayan geomorphologists ba kawai koyi da siffofin taimako, amma kuma a kimanta shi da bukatun magina, forecast korau mamaki (landslides, avalanches, mudslides, da dai sauransu N.) Status Monitor ƙirin da sauransu.

A tsakiyar abu na nazarin geomorphology ne mai sauƙi. Yana da wani hadadden na duk magudi ta duniya surface (ko surface na sauran duniyoyi kuma basamaniyai). Dangane da size, siffar za a iya raba: megarelef (ko planetary) macrorelief, mesorelief da microtopography. Babban abubuwa na wani nau'i na taimako - wannan gangara, saman, thalweg, watershed, kasa, da sauransu.

Relief na duniya surface da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar biyu matakai: na ciki (ko ciki) da kuma exogenous (waje). A farko bayyana a cikin kauri daga cikin Duniya ta ɓawon burodi da kuma alkyabbar: da tectonic motsi, magmatism, volcanism. Exogenous matakai sun hada da biyu dialectically alaka tafiyar matakai: denudation (halaka) da kuma tarawa (jari na m abu).

Daga cikin exogenous matakai a geomorphology ne da wadannan:

• gangare matakai (landforms - fadi, talus, abrasive tudu, da dai sauransu ...).
• Karst (mazurari, ramuka, karkashin kasa kogwanni).
• suffosion ( "steppe saucers" pods).
• fluvial (Delta, kogin kwaruruka, bim, gullies, da dai sauransu).
• glacial (oses, kames, moraine humps).
• aeolian (dunes da dunes).
• Biogenic (Atoll da murjani reefs).
• anthropogenic (mahakar, quarries, embankments, ruwan wukake da kuma m. p.).

Science, karatu da ƙasa cover

A jami'o'i, akwai wani musamman hanya "Yanayin Wuraren kasa da kayan yau da kullum na kasar gona kimiyya." Yana hada related ilimi na uku kimiyya tarbiyya: a gaskiya, labarin kasa, kimiyyar lissafi da kuma sunadarai.

Ƙasa (ko ƙasa) - shi ne a saman Layer na duniya ta ɓawon burodi wanda shi ne m. Ya kunshi iyaye dutse, ruwa, da kuma humus da ya rage daga rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.

Ƙasa labarin kasa na nazarin janar regularities na shiyya rarraba kasa, kazalika da ci gaba da ka'idodinta gona-Gwargwadon karba-karba. Kimiyya da aka raba da ƙasa labarin kasa da kuma na yankin. Last nazarin da ya bayyana cikin ƙasa rufe takamaiman yankuna, kazalika da na dacewa da ruwan karkashin kasa maps.

Babban hanyoyin gudanar da bincike da wannan kimiyya - kamanta labarin kasa da zanen taswira. A cikin 'yan shekarun ƙara ma amfani da kwamfuta tallan kayan kawa Hanyar (a matsayin dukan - a labarin kasa).

Wannan kimiyya horo fito a cikin XIX karni. Mahaifinta, da kafa da aka dauke su wani fitaccen masanin kimiyyar kuma mai bincike - Vasily Dokuchaev. Ransa ya sadaukar da binciken na ƙasa kudancin Rasha Empire. Bisa ta da yawa karatu, ya gano da key dalilai na ƙasa samuwar, kazalika da alamu na shiyya rarraba kasa. Ya kuma samo asali da ra'ayin amfani da tsari na mota kare m Layer na kasar gona daga yashwa.

Training hanya "Yanayin Wuraren gona" da aka sanar a cikin jami'o'i, a cikin kasa da kuma nazarin halittu da ikon tunani. The sosai farko sashen na gona kimiyya a Rasha da aka bude a 1926 a Birnin Leningrad, kuma na farko da littafi a kan wannan horo - da aka buga a 1960.

Science, nazarin hydrosphere

Hydrosphere na Duniya - daya daga mata harsashi. Ta hadaddun nazarin hulda da kimiyya na hydrology, a cikin abin da tsarin gano wani adadin mafi takamaiman tarbiyya.

Hydrology (zahiri translation daga Girkanci: "rukunan na ruwa") - shi ne nazarin duk jikin ruwa na duniyarmu: koguna, Lakes, swamps, tekuna, glaciers, ruwan karkashin kasa da kuma wucin gadi tafkunan. Bugu da ƙari, cikin ikon yinsa, daga ta gudanar da bincike bukatun sun hada da matakai da suke da hankula ga wannan agảrả (kamar daskarewa, danshin, narkewa da kuma kama. D.).

A cikin nazarin, hydrology ne rayayye yin amfani da hanyoyin kamar labarin kasa da kuma hanyoyin da kimiyyar lissafi, sunadarai, ilmin lissafi. The main manufofin wannan kimiyya ne da wadannan:

• Nazarin ruwa wurare dabam dabam matakai a cikin yanayi;
• kima da tasiri na mutum aiki a kan matsayi da kuma tsarin mulki na ruwa jikinsu.
• Description hydrological mutum raga yankuna.
• ci gaban hanyoyin da hanyoyi na m amfani da albarkatun ruwa na Duniya.

Hydrosphere Duniya kunshi tekuna ruwa (game da 97%) kuma ruwa ƙasar. Haka kuma, gano biyu manyan sassan na kimiyya: shi Oceanography, kuma Hydrology.

Oceanography (nazarin teku) - a kimiyya, abu na binciken wanda shi ne teku da kuma ta tsarin abubuwa (tẽku, bays, igiyoyin, da dai sauransu ...). Da yawa da hankali ne da aka ba kimiyya mayar da hankali a kan hulda daga cikin teku tare da nahiyoyi, yanayi da kuma namun daji. A gaskiya ma, oceanography ne a hadaddun na daban-daban kananan tarbiyya, wanda aka tsunduma a wani cikakken binciken da sinadaran, ta jiki da kuma nazarin halittu tafiyar matakai a cikin tekuna.

Yau yanke shawarar ware don mu kyau duniyar tamu na 5 tekuna (ko da yake wasu masu bincike yi imani da cewa har yanzu suna hudu). Wannan Pacific Ocean (mafi girma), Indian (warmest), Atlantic (mafi m), da Arctic (coldest) da kuma Kudu (da "matasa").

Hydrology - shi ne babban sashe na Hydrology, karatu duk surface ruwan Duniya. A da tsarin shi ya yanke shawarar zuwa ware dama kimiyya tarbiyya:

• potamologiya (batu na nazari: hydrological matakai a koguna, kazalika da fasali na samuwar kogin tsarin).
• limnology (nazarin mai ruwa-ruwa da tabkuna da kuma kududdufai yanayin).
• glaciology (Research abu: glaciers da sauran kankara dake a cikin hydro, litho da yanayi).
• bolotovedenie (binciko Marshes da peculiarities na hydrological gwamnatin).

A hydrology na key wuri nasa ne da keken da expeditionary karatu. A data samu ta hanyar wadannan hanyoyi, da kuma daga baya a sarrafa a musamman dakunan gwaje-gwaje.

Bugu da kari to duk wadannan sciences, da Duniya ta hydrosphere da hydrogeology nazarin (nazarin ruwan karkashin kasa), hydrometrics (kimiyya na hanyoyin da hydrological nazarin) Hydrobiology (da kimiyya na rayuwa a cikin ruwa yanayi), injiniya hydrology (nazarin da tasiri na na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa Tsarin kan ruwa gawarwakin yanayin).

Kimiyya karatu yanayi

A nazarin yanayi da za'ayi biyu tarbiyya - a climatology da meteorology.

Meteorology - da kimiyya da karatu duk da matakai da kuma mamaki da ke faruwa a duniya a yanayi. A ƙasashe da dama shi ne kuma ake kira da kimiyyar lissafi na yanayi, wanda, a general, mafi a ajiye tare da batu na ta binciken.

Meteorology farko sha'awar irin matakai da mamaki kamar cyclones kuma anti-cyclones, iska, na yanayi da fronts, girgije da sauransu. Tsarin, da sinadaran abun da ke ciki, da kuma janar wurare dabam dabam na yanayi ma suna da muhimmanci batutuwa na binciken wannan kimiyya.

A binciken da na yanayi yana da muhimmanci ga kewayawa, aikin noma da kuma jirgin sama kasuwanci. Abinci ayyukan yanayin sararin samaniya, za mu yi amfani da kusan a kowace rana (muna magana ne game da yanayin hasashen).

Climatology - shi ne daya daga cikin tarbiyya kunshe a cikin tsarin da janar meteorology. The abu na wannan binciken ne kimiyya sauyin yanayi - wani dogon lokacin da hasashen yanayin da cewa shi ne halayyar ga wani musamman (mun gwada manyan) rabo daga duniya. Alexander von Humboldt, Francis Galton, kuma Edmond Halley sanya farko taimako ga ci gaban climatology. Wannan su za a iya daukan "ubanninsu" na wannan kimiyya horo.

Ainihin Hanyar bincike a fannin kimiyya a climatology - wannan kallo. Kuma zuwa ga gyara da climatological halaye na wani yanki a cikin temperate zone, yana daukan game 30-50 shekaru da za su gudanar dace follow-up. Daga cikin babban yanayin halaye na yankin sun hada da wadannan:

• yanayi matsa lamba.
• iska zazzabi.
• zafi.
• bayyanannu;
• da ƙarfi, kuma shugabanci na iska.
• bayyanannu;
• da adadin da tsanani da hazo.
• sanyi-free lokaci da kuma tsawon t. d.

Mutane da yawa zamani malaman jayayya da cewa sauyin yanayi na duniya (musamman, muna magana ne game da ɗumamar duniya) ne mai zaman kanta da mutum tattalin arziki aiki da kuma samun cyclical yanayi. Saboda haka sanyi da kuma rigar yanayi m tare da dumi da kuma gumi, game da kowane 35-45 shekaru.

Science, nazarin biosphere

Areal, geobotany, biogeocoenosis, yanayin kasa, Flora da fauna - duk wadannan Concepts ne rayayye aiki daya horo - biogeography. An tsunduma a wani cikakken nazarin "rai" harsashi na Duniya - da Muciya, kuma aka located kawai a jamsin na biyu manyan yankunan na kimiyya da ilmi (na wanda musamman tana nufin kimiyyar - ba wuya a tsammani sunan horo).

Biogeography karatu da alamu na rarraba kwayoyin a farfajiya na duniya tamu, da kuma ba da cikakken kwatanci da Flora da fauna (Flora da fauna), ta mutum sassa (nahiyoyi, tsibiran, kasashen, da sauransu. N.).

The abu na wannan binciken ne kimiyya Muciya, da kuma batun - musamman da Gwargwadon rarraba masu rai, kazalika da samuwar kungiyoyin (biogeocoenoses). Saboda haka, biogeography ba kawai ya gaya cewa iyakacin duniya bears rayuwa a cikin Arctic, amma kuma bayyana dalilin da ya sa ya na zaune a can.

A biogeography na tsarin ne biyu manyan sassan:

• phytogeography (ko labarin kasa Flora).
• Zoogeography (labarin kasa, ko dabbobi).

A babban taimako ga ci gaban biogeography matsayin m kimiyya horo gabatar Soviet masanin kimiyya VB Sochava.

A da karatu, na zamani biogeography yana amfani da wani babban arsenal na hanyoyin: tarihi, gwada yawa, da linzaman taswira, da kuma gwada tallan kayan kawa Hanyar.

Jiki labarin kasa na nahiyoyi

Akwai wasu abubuwa, wanda ke tsunduma a cikin binciken na labarin kasa. Materiki - daya daga cikin wadanda.

Ɓangaren duniya (ko nahiyar) - a gwada manyan yanki na ɓawon burodi rabo doguwar kan World Ocean da kuma kewaye su a kan duk hudu tarnaƙi. By kuma manyan, biyu Concepts ne synonymous, amma "nahiyar" - lokaci ne mafi geographical fiye da "ɓangaren duniya" (wanda aka fi sau da yawa amfani a fannin binciken kasa).

A duniyarmu, yanke shawarar ware 6 nahiyoyi:

• Eurasia (mafi girma).
• Afirka (mafi zafi).
• North America (da bambanci).
• South America (da "daji" da kuma unexplored).
• Australia (sarrafa giza).
• da Antarctica (coldest).

Duk da haka, irin wannan ra'ayi a kan yawan nahiyoyi a duniya ba shared da duk ƙasashe. Saboda haka, misali, a kasar Girka da aka zaci cewa, duk nahiyoyi biyar (bisa qa'idar na yawan) a duniya. Amma kasar Sin yi imani da cewa nahiyoyi a duniya - bakwai (Turai da kuma Asiya suka la'akari daban-daban nahiyoyi).

Wasu nahiyoyi ware teku tẽku (kamar Australia). Wasu - juna isthmuses (as wani Eurasian Afirka, ko duka biyu of America).

Akwai m ka'idar nahiyar gantali, wanda ya furta cewa, a farkon sũ, sun kasance guda supercontinent kira Pangea. Kewaye da shi, "splashing" daya teku - Tethys. Daga baya, Pangea raba biyu sassa - Laurasia (da suka hada da na zamani Eurasia da kuma Arewacin Amirka) da kuma Gondwana (wanda ya hada da dukan sauran, "m" nahiyoyi). Masana kimiyya zaton, dangane da dokar da komawa cewa a cikin m nan gaba, duk nahiyoyi tãra sake a yanki daya nahiyar.

Jiki yanayin kasa na Rasha

Jiki labarin kasa na wata} asa ya shafi binciken da faye hali na irin halitta sinadaran kamar:

• Sashen tsarin da albarkatun ma'adinai.
• taimako.
• sauyin yanayi na ƙasa.
• albarkatun ruwa.
• ƙasa murfin.
• Flora da fauna.

Nature Rasha, godiya ga babbar karkarar kasar ne sosai bambancin. Mafiya filayen suna kẽwayesu da babban dutse tsarin (Caucasus, Sayan, Altai). A jihar ne mai arziki a cikin daban-daban ma'adanai: shi ne man fetur da kuma iskar gas, kwal, tagulla da kuma nickel tama, bauxites da sauransu.

A cikin Rasha ne guda bakwai iri sauyin yanayi, daga Arctic a cikin nisa arewa - to Rum zuwa Black Sea Coast. A cikin ƙasa daga cikin manyan ƙõramu sunã gudãna Eurasia Volga, Yenisey, Lena, kuma Amur. A Rasha, akwai kuma mafi zurfi lake a duniya - Lake Baikal. Nan za ka iya ganin sararin yankuna na dausayi da kuma m glaciers a kan dutse fi.

The takwas halitta yankunan da ake kasaftawa a kan ƙasa na Rasha:

• Arctic hamada zone.
• tundra.
• tundra.
• gauraye zone da broadleaf gandun daji.
• steppe.
• steppe.
• da kuma Semi-hamada yanki.
• subtropical zone (Black Sea Coast).

Shida gona da iri akwai a cikin kasar, daga cikinsu da baki ƙasa - mafi tati a duniya.

ƙarshe

Labarin kasa - da kimiyya da karatu da peculiarities na Gwargwadon ambulan na duniya. A karshen kunshi hudu main yadudduka: shi ne lithosphere, hydrosphere, yanayi da kuma biosphere. Kowane daga cikinsu shi ne wani batu na gudanar da bincike domin a yawan Gwargwadon tarbiyya. Alal misali, lithosphere da taimako na Duniya da aka yi karatu a fannin binciken kasa da geomorphology. da yanayi da aka karatu climatology da meteorology, da hydrosphere - hydrology, da dai sauransu ...

A general, da labarin kasa ne zuwa kashi biyu manyan sassan. Wannan jiki da kuma Gwargwadon kimiyya da bunkasar tattalin arzikin labarin kasa. Da farko sha'awar halitta abubuwa da kuma matakai, da kuma na biyu - da mamaki cewa faruwa a cikin al'umma.