Ka'idar aiki na mota. Ka'idar aiki na AC mota. Physics, Grade 9

Yau tunanin wayewar dan adam ne da kuma high-tech jama'a ne ba zai yiwu ba ba tare da wutar lantarki. Daya daga cikin key na'urorin cewa goyi bayan aikin na lantarki kayan, ne engine. Wannan na'ura ta samu mafi tartsatsi: daga masana'antu (fans, crushers, compressors) zuwa gida amfani (wanka da inji, drills, da dai sauransu). Amma abin da yake da ka'ida na aiki da mota?

ganawa

Ka'idar aiki na lantarki motor kuma ta main manufofin ne don canja wurin aiki gawarwakin zama dole ga cikar fasaha matakai na inji makamashi. A engine kanta samar da shi a kudi na wutar lantarki cinye daga layin wutar lantarki. Fundamentally magana, da manufa na aiki da lantarki motor ne don maida na'urar samar da makamashi cikin inji makamashi. The adadin inji makamashi generated da su da naúrar na lokacin da aka kira iko.

iri Motors

Dangane da abinci halaye na cibiyar sadarwa ne biyu main iri mota za a iya gano: dc da ac. Mafi na kowa DC inji ne Motors da wani m, m da kuma gauraye zumudi. Misalan Motors a kan AC iya yi synchronous da asynchronous inji. Duk da bayyana bambancin, da na'ura da kuma manufa na aiki da mota na da wani manufa dangane da hulda da yanzu shugaba da kuma Magnetic filin, ko da m maganadisu (ferromagnetic abu) tare da Magnetic filin.

Frame da na yanzu - motor preimage

Babban batu a kan wannan al'amari, kamar yadda qa'ida ta aiki da mota, za a iya kira da fitowan na karfin juyi. Ka yi la'akari da irin wannan sabon abu zai iya zama wani misali da wani firam da wani halin yanzu, wanda ya kunshi biyu conductors da wani maganadisu. Yanzu ne amfani da shugaba ta hanyar da zamewa zobba wanda ake gyarawa a kan juyawa frame axis. A daidai da sanannen mulkin na hagu a kan frame zai yi aiki da sojojin da haifar da karfin juyi dangi da axis. Ta kasance a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da jimlar karfi zai juya a cikin wani counterclockwise shugabanci. An sani cewa karfin juyi ne kai tsaye na gwargwado ga Magnetic shigar da (B), na yanzu tsanani (I), da square frame (S) da kuma shi ne dogara a kan kwana tsakanin filin Lines da na karshe axis. Duk da haka, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da lokaci, da canza a shugabanci, da firam zai oscillate. Abin da ya dauki ga samuwar wani m shugabanci? Akwai biyu zažužžukan:

• canza shugabanci na lantarki halin yanzu a cikin firam da kuma matsayin da conductors dangi da maganadisu sandunan.
• canza shugabanci na filin, duk da cewa da firam rotates a ci gaba da shugabanci.

A farko embodiment da ake amfani da DC Motors. Kuma na biyu - shi ne da manufa na aiki na AC mota.

Canza shugabanci na yanzu dangi da maganadisu

Domin canza shugabanci na motsi na cajin barbashi a cikin shugaba tare da wani halin yanzu frame, a na'urar wanda ya sanya shi a cikin shugabanci dangane da tsari na conductors. Wannan zane yana aiwatar ta hanyar amfani da zamiya da lambobi, wanda ake amfani da su samar halin yanzu da firam. Lokacin da ya maye gurbin daya daga cikin biyu zobe a lokacin da firam yana juya su a rabin bi da bi, yanzu shugabanci ake mayarwã da karfin juyi Stores shi. Yana da muhimmanci a yi la'akari da cewa daya zobe da aka harhada daga biyu halves wanda ake samun karkasuwa ne daga juna.

The zane na DC inji

A bisa misali - shi ne da manufa na aikin DC mota. The real na'ura, da sauƙi yana da wani mafi rikitarwa Gininsu, wanda yana amfani da dubun Frames da ke cikin armature Tuddan. A conductors na Tuddan aka sanya shi a cikin na musamman GROOVES a cylindrical ferromagnetic core. A iyakar da windings an haɗa ka da ya zama ruwan dare zobba cewa samar da wata da yawa. Tuddan, tara da kuma core - ne anga juyawa a bearings a kan gidaje na engine. Magnetic zumudi filin da aka generated da sandunan na dindindin maganadiso, wanda aka shirya a cikin gidaje. A Tuddan an haɗa zuwa mains, kuma zai iya hada duka biyu da kansa daga anga sarkar da sequentially. A farkon yanayin, da mota za a raba zumudi, a karo na biyu - m. Akwai kuma da zane na gauraye zumudi idan ta amfani kawai iri biyu Tuddan connection.

synchronous inji

Ka'idar aiki na synchronous mota ne da bukatar haifar da juyawa Magnetic filin. Sa'an nan kuma ka bukatar ka saka a cikin akwatin streamlined canzawa a cikin shugabanci na yanzu conductors. Ka'idar aiki na synchronous mota, wanda ya sosai tartsatsi a cikin masana'antu, dangane da sama misali, tare da firam tare da wani halin yanzu. The juyawa filin samar da maganadisu da aka kafa ta Tuddan tsarin cewa suna da alaka da mains. Yawancin lokaci amfani da uku-lokaci windings, amma manufa na aiki na single-lokaci motor AC ba zai zama daban-daban daga cikin uku-lokaci, sai dai cewa yawan bulan kansu, wanda shi ne bai isa a kula a lokacin da la'akari da zane fasali. A windings aka sanya a cikin stator ramummuka da wasu motsa circumferentially. Wannan ne yake aikata to ƙirƙirar juyawa Magnetic filin kafa a cikin iska rata.

synchronism

A muhimmanci sosai nufi shi ne aiki aiki na lantarki motor na sama gini. A cikin hulda da Magnetic filin da na yanzu a cikin na'ura mai juyi Winding aka kafa da kanta motor juyawa tsari wanda shi ne synchronous game da juyawa daga cikin Magnetic filin kafa ta stator. Synchronism za a kiyaye up to matsakaicin karfin juyi, wanda aka sa ta juriya. Lokacin da kaya qara, inji iya samun fita daga Daidaita.

shigar da mota

The aiki manufa na lantarki shigar da shi ne kasancewar wani juyawa Magnetic filin da rufaffiyar Frames (haihuwarka) a kan na'ura mai juyi - kadi rabo. A halin maganaɗisu filin da aka kafa a cikin wannan hanya a matsayin cewa daga cikin synchronous mota - ta amfani da ramummuka located in stator windings suna da alaka zuwa wani alternating ƙarfin lantarki cibiyar sadarwa. na'ura mai juyi windings an hada da goma-madaukai da kuma tsarin ne kullum iri biyu cika: lokaci da kuma gajeren-circuited. Ka'idar aiki na wani AC mota a lokuta biyu ne guda, kawai zane na canji. A cikin hali na zomo-keji na'ura mai juyi (wanda kuma aka sani da suna "kurege keji") Tuddan zubi aluminum zuba a cikin GROOVES. A samar lokaci Tuddan iyakar kowane lokaci outputted zuwa waje via da zamiya-lamba zobba, kamar yadda wannan zai taimaka ƙarin resistors a kewaye ake bukata domin iko da engine gudun.

ja inji

Ka'idar aiki na gogayya mota ne kama da mota tare da kai tsaye halin yanzu. Daga yanzu ake kawota ga mains mataki-up gidan wuta. Next, wani uku-lokaci alternating halin yanzu da aka canjawa wuri zuwa na musamman gogayya substations. Akwai rectifier. Yana sabobin tuba AC zuwa DC. A Students ta kai ta daya polarity da trolley waya, da sauran - kai tsaye zuwa reluwe. Yana dole ne a tuna da cewa da yawa gogayya sunadaran aiki a mita daban-daban daga kafa masana'antu (50 Hz). Saboda haka, amfani da chastotnik ga mota, da aiki da ka'ida na wanda shi ne ya juyar da mita da kuma juya wannan halayyar.

By pantograph tãyar da irin ƙarfin lantarki da aka kawota cikin ɗakin inda fara resistors da contactors. Tare da rheostats masu kula suna da alaka da gogayya Motors, wanda aka shirya a kan axles bogies. Daga gare su, a halin yanzu gudana ta hanyar da tayoyin a kan reluwe sa'an nan ya koma zuwa ga gogayya substation, haka rufe lantarki kewaye.