Karl Kautsky - Jamus tattalin arziki, tarihi da kuma Falsafa

A duniya na tattalin arziki ka'idar zauna a wuri na musamman Jamus tattalin arziki, da masana falsafa da. Daya daga cikin mafi ƙwarai maza na lokacinsa ya Karl Kautsky. Ayyukansa da yawa a cikin na kowa da ayyukan Marx, amma yana da wani yawan musamman siffofin da cewa yin da ra'ayoyi na Jamus Falsafa a nasa hanya musamman. Da ya gudanar ya jawo hankalin mutane da yawa magoya bayan da wasu daga aikinsa ne har yanzu dacewa. Kuma yanzu da Dama-reshe shugabannin a su littafin yana amfani da ra'ayoyi da cewa suna bayyana ta Karl Kautsky.

biography

A rayuwa na gaba tattalin arziki ta fara a zamanin d Prague cewa shi ne inda wannan mutum mai girma da aka haife shi a 1854. A wannan lokacin, Central Turai karkashin jagorancin fairly shiru rayuwa, kuma ta makarantun gasa da mashahuri Birtaniya jami'o'i. Karl Kautsky samu wani kyakkyawan ilimi a Jami'ar birnin Vienna. Duk da yake har yanzu a dalibi, ya raba da ra'ayoyi na socialists da kuma samun matsahi na saba da rubuce-rubucen da Karl Marx. Tun karshen 1870, ya raba da ra'ayoyi da dama da Marxists. A musamman, da ake kira m tambaya ya fara amfani tare da peculiarities na aiki motsi da kuma iko da revisionism. Matsayin edita quite rare mujallar «Mutu Neue Zeit» taimaka wa yaduwar gurguzu ideas a Tsakiya da kuma yammacin Turai, duk da yake masu karatu nuna wasu pedantry aikinsa, kuma a penchant ga kimiyya scholasticism.

farfaganda na Markisanci

A 1885 -1888, Karl Kautsky zauna a London, inda ya kasance a kusa lamba tare da Engels da kuma magoya bayan na Markisanci. Tun 1890, ya koma Jamus, inda ya ci gaba da buga jaridu a sassa daban daban na Markisanci. Malama basira da kuma virtuosity sanya gajeren aiki na Kautsky ne quite mashahuri a cikin magoya bayan gurguzu da kuma m ƙungiyoyi. Daga cikin ayyukan da ya yi bincike na Thomas More kuma ya dystopia (1888), "Comments zuwa Eksfurtskoy Shirin" (1892), "Antecedents sabon gurguzanci (1895).

Kautsky da Kristanci

Daya daga cikin ayyukansa, da Jamusanci tattalin arziki da kuma Falsafa kishin fitowan da kuma ci gaban da ya fi manyan-sikelin addini motsi ya lokaci - Kiristanci. A cikin littafinsa, Kautsky ce game da tattalin arziki da zamantakewa haddasawa da cewa sanin da al'umma ke bukatar wani sabon addini, ya bayyana muhimmancin da tarihi hakikar da kuma Yahudawa da tauhidi, godiya ga wanda Kiristanci tashi a matsayin mai raba addini. The aiki "The Origin of Kiristanci" da aka nuna yabo sosai da ya Sahaban, ko da yake, da kuma a yanzu yana sa mai yawa shawara tsakanin muminai da kuma tsakanin wadanda basu yarda.

tattalin arziki da aikin

A cikakken bincike na tattalin arziki da dangantakar da aka gudanar da shi a 1887. "The tattalin arzikin rukunai na Karla Marksa" ne watakila ya fi shahara aiki na wannan masanin kimiyya. A da shi m, kuma m harshen kafa daga cikin babban maki daga cikin shahararrun "Capital". Places inda Kautsky bayyana ka'idar babban birnin kasar, samar da sarari images of art m ga mutane nĩsantarwa daga cikin tattalin arziki da ilimi.

Agrarian kansu

ideas na jari hujja da aikin noma da aka brilliantly ya saukar a cikin littafin na Karl Kautsky, "The agrarian tambaya." A nan ya bayyana da babban trends cewa sun hankali ɓullo da related to kasa ikon mallakar na dogon lokaci: daga mulkin gargajiya tsarin tattalin arziki da zamani zamanin na ci-gaba tsarin jari hujja. Jamus Economist iya streamline da kuma siffatawa ilimin kididdiga abu, wanda a lokacin tara babbar salla. A ta aiki, Kautsky dogara ne a kan hukuma data daga daban-daban safiyo da kuma censuses gudanar a Ingila, Faransa, Amurka, Jamus. The m kwarara daga cikin labarin na farkon mulkin gargajiya dangantakarsu zuwa zamani noma ya nuna yadda aikin noma a cikin wani gajeren lokaci ya samo asali daga patriarchal da kimiyya azuzuwan, a cimma iyakar ribar. All hujjarsa daidai karya a kan lissafin Marx da tattalin arziki theses.

Tashi daga ideas na Markisanci

A farkon karni shi aka samun karin kuma mafi shahararsa da ra'ayin na proletarian mulkin kama karya. A ra'ayin na canza tattalin arziki tsarin da kuma busa a cikin II Congress na RSDLP, wanda ya fara a 1903 a Brussels, sa'an nan ya ci gaba da aiki a London. Kautsky ya hankali bi da tattaunawa da wakilan, amma a cikin shari'a ya ɗauki Mensheviks (anti-Iskrists). A wannan lokaci, Karl Kautsky buga da dama ayyukan da aka rubuta a cikin ruhu na Markisanci. Daga cikinsu akwai "The Path to Power", "The Slavs da kuma juyin juya halin." Jamus tattalin arziki ayyukan da aka scrutinized VI Lenin, wanda sau da yawa da aka ambata su a cikin jawabansa. Kautsky ta labarin Lenin comments aka sau da yawa da aka buga a cikin "Iskra".

Kafin yakin duniya

Sauka a hankali sake tunani da ra'ayoyin da Karl Marx ke sa Kautsky motsa daga ideas na neman sauyi gwagwarmaya da aiki-aji motsi. Ya gudanar da manufar sulhu tare da daban-daban revisionists. Duk da haka, wannan bai hana shi a cikin aikinsa don tallafa wa yunkuri na liquidators daga Rasha Social-Democrats. Ya kuma musanta ka'idojin jam'iyyar na akidar Karl Marx falsafa, biya haraji ga siffofin daban-daban na rashin amincewa neorganizatsionnym. Kimiyya gurguzanci aikinsa na kokarin daukar zama da wadanda ba akidar Karl Marx falsafa ra'ayoyin. Kautsky ta ra'ayoyi suna jurewa gagarumin canji. Motsi daga neman sauyi view of Markisanci, ya yi ƙoƙari ya bayyana da kuma inganta ka'idojin da zamantakewa-chauvinists.

Kautsky a 1917

A farkon 1917, Kautsky ne kai tsaye da hannu a cikin halittar wani sabon ƙungiya, wanda views ya cika shared. Yana da wani m Social-Democratic Party of Jamus, wanda shi ne har yanzu a zagaye na farko na zaben da ya janyo hankalin mai yawa kuri'u. Amma da Oktoba juyin juya halin, Kautsky reacted sosai a wuyan hamayya da watsa daga ikon ma'aikata da manoma, yayin da rike da ka'idodinta bourgeois dimokuradiyya.

A wani lokaci na babbar tashin hankalin siyasa a Jamus, ya kiyaye a hanya na sulhu a tsakanin tsarin jari hujja da kuma gurguzu ideas. A matsayi na Jamus masanin kimiyya a cikin al'amarin sake nazari a daki-daki, kuma soki VI Lenin, a cikin labarin "The Proletarian juyin juya halin da kuma Kautsky degenerate."

Kamar yadda yakan faru, da ra'ayoyin na Jamus Falsafa outgrown ta mahalicci. A post-yaki Jamus ya rinjaye tsarin jari hujja. Favorite yaro Kautsky ta (Social Democratic Party) ya sami tsoratarwa fasali. Lokacin da farkisanci a Central Europe duba sama, Kautsky ba a cika gane wa abin da mummunan sakamakon wannan na iya haifar da. A shekara ta 1938, a da ƙaunataccen Vienna Nazis zo, kuma Karl Kautsky suka gusa zuwa Prague, sa'an nan kuma zuwa Amsterdam, inda ya gama ya aiki.