Kayayyaki da kuma iri daban-daban gadoji

Bridges - wani muhimmanci sifa kusan kowane kogi, suka taimaka a shawo kan matsalolin saboda su nesa zama karami, kuma don samun daga aya "A" domin nuna "B" shi ne mafi dadi da kuma sauri. Da zuwan sabon kayan da fasahar hadaddun kayayyaki crossings zama gaskiya.

Mene ne Bridge

Bridges - a ci gaba da hanya a kan Bango. Mafi sau da yawa, suna karya ta cikin ruwa shãmaki, amma kuma iya haɗa shi da gefuna da gully ko tashar. A dangane da ci gaban da kai kayayyakin more rayuwa a cikin Metropolitan yankunan don gina wata gada domin motsi na hanyoyi, kafa manyan Amurka. Ainihin bayani na yi ne Al'arshinSa da kuma goyon bayan.

Nau'in gadoji constructions

Nau'in na gadoji za a iya classified bisa ga dama sharudda:

• a kan babban manufar yin amfani;
• sanyata bayani.
• kayan gini.
• bisa ga tsawon;
• Aiki wa'adin;
• dangane da aiki manufa.

Tun da mutane bagure itace daga daya gāɓar kogi don samun zuwa sauran, shi ya ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo da kuma sa mai yawa kokarin a yi na aikin injiniya Tsarin. A sakamakon haka, akwai daban-daban na gadoji. Bari mu bincika su daki-daki.

masaƙa

Materials for su yi sun hada da karfe da kuma ta gami, karfafa kankare, da kuma na farko abu ne mai itace. Babban abubuwa a qazanta Tsarin irin wannan ne bim, trusses, wanda canja wurin da kaya a kan goyon bayan da tushe na gada.

Katakanta, suka trusses wani bangare ne na raba tsarin da ake kira da sunan "tashi". Al'arshinSa ne tsaga, wasan bidiyo da ba yankan, dangane da connection makirci tare da goyon bayan. A farko daga gare su da ƙafãfu biyu a kowane gefe, uncut iya samun mafi yawan zura sandunan, dangane da bukatar, yayin da cantilever gada kara ɗe bayan da reference batu, inda ta shiga tare da m Al'arshinSa.

arched

Domin su masana'antu karfe, jefa baƙin ƙarfe, kankare simintin gyaran kafa ko tubalan. The sosai farko da kayan ginin da gadoji na da irin wannan kasance duwãtsu, boulders ko hada wadannan monolithic tubalan.

Dalili shi ne baka tsarin (baka). Fili mahara arches hanya ko Railway gado ne arched gada. Roadway iya samun biyu wurare: a kan zane, ko a karkashin shi.

Daya iri-iri ne wani matasan - baka-cantilever gada, inda biyu poluarki alaka a saman da kuma kama da harafin "T". A arched tsarin iya kunshi daya span, sa'an nan dama a kan babban kaya hali matsananci. Idan gada da aka hada da dama da alaka Tsarin, sa'an nan da kaya da aka rarraba wa dukan tsaka-tsaki da kuma karshen goyon baya.

dakatar da gadoji

Main kayan domin gina a cikin wannan harka - da karfe karfafa kankare. Constructions gina a wurare inda ba shi yiwuwa a kafa matsakaici goyon bayan. Pylons goyon bayan kungiyar suna da alaka da igiyoyi. Don ci gaba da gada a cikin wani barga yanayin, da pylons aka saka a tarnaƙi, tsakanin su mikewa na USB sarrafa dangane da duniya, inda aka tam a haɗe. By miƙa kwance waya gyarawa tsaye, kuma shiga cikin sarkar cewa zai goyi bayan zane na gada. A stiffness na ruwa a haɗe zuwa katakanta, suka trusses.

Cable-zauna gada

Yi kayan - karfe, karfafa kankare. Kamar karya da takwarorinsu, da zane na bukatar pylons da igiyoyi. A bambanci shi ne, na USB-zauna fili ne kawai daya da ta ɗaure duk gada tsarin, watau igiyoyi suna lazimta ba ga horizontally miƙa dako, amma kai tsaye zuwa karshen tana goyan bayan, yin zane zama mafi m.

pontoon

"Shawagi" mararraba ba shi da wani m tsarin da kuma sadarwa tare da tudu. Su yi aka harhada daga raba sassan da m connection. A bambancin da irin wannan gadoji ne naplyvnye mararraba. Mafi sau da yawa suna wucin gadi Tsarin cewa ana amfani da su tsayar da lokaci da kankara ruwa shinge. Su ne m, a wani lokaci na babban tashin hankali a kan ruwa, da wuya kewayawa da motsi a kan su an iyakance shi zuwa Multi-ton manyan motoci.

karfe gadoji

Mafi zamani gadoji da ya shafi yin amfani da karfe a cikin m da zane. Domin quite lokaci mai tsawo, da karfe gada aka dauke mafi m irin wuraren. Don kwanan wata, wannan abu ne mai muhimmanci, amma ba kawai bangaren na ~ in wadata masaniya.

Nau'in na karfe gadoji:

• Arched zane.
• Viaducts da Al'arshinSa.
• Rataye, Guy.
• Trestle tare da karfafa kankare ginshiƙai, wanda kara ɗe harhada daga karfe mahadi.

karfe constructions suna da amfani na sauƙi na tarin, don haka kusan duk iri Railway gadoji an gina daga wannan abu. Da karfe sassa aka kerarre da masana'antu hanyoyi a wani factory, da size za a iya gyara. Dangane da damar da sunadaran da wanda za a tattaro, kafa preform gaba factory m fili.

Tafasa tsarin da sassa na iya zama kai tsaye a shafin na karshe taro. Kuma idan ka a baya da a gudanar da wani dangane da kafa guda na jirgin, yanzu da crane da dagawa damar 3600 ton, iya da kyau matsawa da kuma kafa a-karfe hali span.

abũbuwan amfãni daga karfe Tsarin

Kamar yadda wani abu domin gina gadoji da baƙin ƙarfe ne da wuya amfani saboda ta matalauta lalata juriya. Pictures zama m high-ƙarfi karfe da kuma ta mahadi. Its kyau kwarai yi za a iya kiyasta domin gudanar da ayyukan kamar na USB-zauna gada iri, tare da babbar Al'arshinSa. An misali ne Moscow gada fadin Dnieper River a Kiev ko Obukhov gada a St. Petersburg.

A lokacin da gina layin dogo da gadoji Yadu yi amfani da karfe Tsarin tare da trusses. Babban amfani da wadannan mafita shi ne tasiri a cikin aiki, gudun yi da dismantling na mutum sassa, da mun gwada low cost na samarwa, da yiwuwar gina wuraren maza maza kan samuwa yankunan da a kowane Gwargwadon yanki.

katako, gadoji

A farko gada a cikin tarihin dan Adam da aka gina na itace. Long wadannan wurare ba za a iya amfani ba tare da ta dace tabbatarwa, na yau da kullum ana gyara aikin da sauyawa daga sassa da fasteners. Yana da wuya a gina, da kuma fragility daga cikin kayan. A halin yanzu a karkashin gini da wadannan iri na katako, gadoji:

1. Dangane da tsarin - katako, strut.
2. Dangane da zane - fakiti tsarin da Al'arshinSa, truss gadoji.

Katako tsarin da mafi sauki, da kuma haka m mountable tsarin. A tallafi bim aka ƙera a cikin ƙasa zuwa zurfin 4 m. A babba iyakar da tara da karfe fil shige zuwa cikin bututun ƙarfe, duk tara da ake daure a cikin daya, shi ne aza a saman shafin motsi. A lokacin da gina wani katako gada shi ne muhimmanci don ƙirƙirar wani karfi Pairing tsarin da girma na kasa qarishe biyu, shi ne yake aikata to tabbatar da cewa gada da aka yi karko.

Yanzu akwai wani hali da Tarurrukan na yi na katako, gadoji, wanda ake dangantawa da zuwan fasaha yi na laminated veneer kaya maras amfani, mafi resistant zuwa m muhallin, waje da kuma sojojin torsion ne mafi m, a aiki, kuma ta tsawon ba ya dogara ne a kan halitta girma daga cikin itace.

Poetics da Practice

A St. Petersburg akwai 93 waterways, a nan ciki har da koguna, kõguna, canals kuma kusan 100 kududdufai. Unhindered sadarwa a tsakanin tsibirin da kuma sassa na birnin samar da gadoji, wanda akwai game da 800, daga abin da 218 ne domin Tafiya da Kafa. Tun da farkon gina birni ya kafa wani hadisi daga gini gadoji, ba tare da wanda St. Petersburg riga sawwaƙe. Su ne wani ɓangare na da gine-gine, tarihi, al'adu da kuma al'adu.

Zai yiwu, a wani gari na Rasha haka rayayye amfani razvodnogo crossings, duka a St. Petersburg.

Alama ce ta arewacin babban birnin kasar da aka dauke su daya daga cikin tsofaffin gadoji - Palace. Yana da aka gina da m Pshenitskogo A. P. kuma ya haɗu Admiralty Island Arrow of Vasilyevsky Island. Modern daga sunadaran 700-ton tsakiyar span tsarin domin nassi daga cikin jirgin ruwa.

A mafi tsawo drawbridge a St. Petersburg mai suna bayan Alexander Nevsky. Its tsawon shi ne 905,7 m, wani daidaitacce tsakiyar nassi sanya daga karfe, yayin da tsarin dilution ne kawai 2 da minti.

Nau'in na St. Petersburg gadoji hada da dukan tarihin gada yi - daga farko katako da zamani Multi-rariya na USB-zauna Tsarin. Big Obukhov Bridge, misali, yana da tsawon 2824 m, kuma a yau shi ne daya daga cikin mafi m aikin injiniya wurare a Rasha. Yana da aka hada da biyu a layi daya m sassa, wanda ya shirya wani hudu -way zirga-zirga.

St. Petersburg Legends

A St. Petersburg, a cikin yalwa daga daban-daban na gadoji an gabatar, akwai tsohon, sun zama alamu na wani bygone zamanin, amma su nufi ya canza ba, ko overgrown da flair da kuma romance labaru. Saboda haka, sumbatan gada a kan Moika River janyo hankalin masu yawon shakatawa tare da sunan, amma shi ya faru daga sunan m Potselueva wanda potatory gidan "The Kiss" da aka located kusa da jirgin fito da ga romantic turu, sunan yana da kõme ba su yi.

Ban sha'awa Legends ya girma Foundry Bridge, inda ban mamaki labarin ya tashi nan da nan a lokacin da tab. An yi imani da cewa daya daga cikin tushe dutse ginshiƙai zama hadaya dutse Atakan. Yanzu shi yanã raunanar zuwa wucewa da tsokane kashe kansa. Don kwantad da hankali da "jini" dutse, wasu 'yan asalin jefa daga gada a cikin kogi Neva tsabar kudi da kuma zuba ja ruwan inabi. Har ila yau, da yawa za jayayya cewa a Foundry za a iya samu Lenin ta fatalwa.

The biyar mafi Rasha mafi tsawo gadoji

Duk da yake ba gina wata gada a fadin Kerch mashigar, biyar manyan sikelin-crossings ne kamar haka:

• Rasha gada a Vladivostok. yi tsawon 3100 m, ya bude a 2012 a karon farko a game da bukatar tunani a 1939, amma na gane a yanzu mataki.
• Cike Gurbin a Khabarovsk. Its tsawon shi ne 3891 m. Ya biyu tiers. Ƙananan bude layin dogo zirga-zirga, kuma a saman - a mota. Siffarta adorns da dubu biyar dollar doka.
• Cike Gurbin kan River Yuribey. An located sama da Arctic Circle a Yamal-Nenets cin gashin kanta District. Length na yi - 2893 m.
• Bridge a kan Amur Bay yana da tsawon 5331 m. Yana da aka bude a 2012. Yana da ban sha'awa lighting tsarin, wanda taimaka ajiye har zuwa 50% na wutar lantarki.
• Shugaba Bridge a kan Volga River a Ulyanovsk. Its tsawon -. 5825 m yi aka za'ayi domin shekaru 23.