Kwayoyin da kuma tsarin dabara methane

Kwayoyin, tsarin da lantarki dabara na methane da su ne bisa ka'idar tsarin gudanar da mahadi Butlerov. Kafin rubuta wadannan dabarbari, mun fara da taƙaitaccen faye hali na hydrocarbon.

methane Features

Wannan abu ne mai m, shi ne kuma ake kira "fadama" gas. A takamaiman wari na iyakance hydrocarbons sananne ga dukan. A konewa aiwatar da aka bar sinadaran aka gyara cutarwa ga jikin mutum. Wannan methane ne wani aiki takara a cikin samuwar da greenhouse sakamako.

jiki Properties

A farko wakilin homologue jerin alkanes An gano by masana kimiyya a yanayi na Titan kuma Mars. Ganin cewa a methane yana da nasaba da kasancewar rayayyun kwayoyin halitta suka bayyana jarrabawa na wanzuwar rayuwa a kan wadannan taurari. A Saturn, Jupiter, Neptune, Uranus, methane samfurin ya bayyana a matsayin sinadaran aiki na abubuwa na inorganic asalin. A surface na duniya tamu ta low abun ciki.

Janar halaye

Methane yana da wani launi, shi ne m fiye da iska kusan sau biyu, shi ne talauci mai narkewa a cikin ruwa. A abun da ke ciki na iskar gas da adadin ya kai 98 bisa dari. The mai wucewa gas ƙunshi daga 30 zuwa kashi 90 cikin dari methane. A mafi methane ne na nazarin halittu asali.

Ungulates herbivores awaki da shanu emit da aiki a ciki da kwayoyin cuta wajen gagarumin adadin methane. Daga cikin muhimman kafofin na homologue jerin alkanes zaži swamps, wanda tururuwai suka gina, tace gas da shuka photosynthesis. A ganewa na burbushi na methane a duniya, za mu iya magana game da wanzuwar ta nazarin halittu rayuwa.

Hanyar ga shirye-shiryen

The cikakken tsarin dabara na methane shaida da cewa a cikin kwayoyin kawai cikakken guda shaidu kafa matasan girgije. Ƙarin embodiments awon shiri na hydrocarbon rubutu alloying tare da m sodium acetate da Alkali, da kuma hulda da aluminum carbide da ruwa.

M methane bluish harshen wuta, yayin da jaddada domin na 39 MJ da cubic mita. M cakuda Forms da abu zuwa iska. A mafi hatsari methane, wanda aka saki a lokacin karkashin kasa hakar ma'adinai na ma'adinai adibas a cikin dutsen mahakar. Babban hadarin da fashewa da methane da kuma ci beneficiation da briquetting shuke-shuke, kazalika da kasawa da masana'antu.

physiological sakamako

Idan kaso na methane a iska ne 5 ga kashi 16 cikin dari, a lamba tare da oxygen za a iya kunna methane. A hali da wani gagarumin karuwa a cakuda da sinadaran qara da alama na fashewa.

Idan iska taro na alkane ne 43 bisa dari, shi ne hanyar shaƙa.

Tare da fashewa yaduwa gudun daga 500 zuwa 700 da mita da na biyu. Da zarar methane da aka tuntube da wani zafi Madogararsa, alkane ƙonewa tsari na faruwa a tare da wasu bata lokaci ba.

Sai ya zama a wannan dukiya tushen samar da fashewa-hujja lantarki da kayan aiki da kuma aminci daga m aka gyara.

Tun da methane ne mafi thermally barga cikakken hydrocarbon, an yadu amfani da masana'antu da kuma m man fetur da kuma ana amfani da matsayin mai muhimmanci da albarkatun kasa domin sinadaran kira. A tsarin dabara na ethyl-tri-methane characterizes tsarin fasali na membobin wannan aji na hydrocarbons.

A kan aiwatar da sinadaran dauki tare da chlorine da daukan hotuna zuwa ultraviolet radiation za a iya kafa da dama dauki kayayyakin. Dangane da adadin fara abu na iya zama a cikin canzawa sami chloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride.

A hali na bai cika konewa na methane kafa toka. Formaldehyde aka kafa a cikin hali na catalytic hadawan abu da iskar shaka. A karshe dauki samfurin ne carbon disulfide da sulfur.

Kadarorin methane tsarin

Mene ne ta tsarin dabara? Methane tana nufin cikakken hydrocarbons da ciwon janar dabara C _n H _{2n + 2.} La'akari da wani musamman kwayoyin samuwar bayanin yadda tsarin dabara aka kafa.

Methane da aka hada da daya carbon zarra da hudu hydrogen atoms ciri ta covalent bond dipole lokacin. Mun bayyana tsarin tushen a kan tsarin dabarbari carbon atoms.

view hybridization

A sarari tsarin methane halin da tetrahedral tsarin. Tun da externally a carbon hudu valence electrons, electron miƙa mulki ya auku a kan dumama zarra tare da wata biyu s-orbitals a kan p. A sakamakon haka, na karshe ikon matakin a carbon located hudu unpaired ( "free") na electron. Cikakken tsarin dabara na methane dogara ne a kan gaskiyar cewa samuwar na hudu matasan girgije daidaitacce a sarari a wani kwana na 109 digiri 28 da minti, kafa tetrahedron tsarin. Bugu da ari, akwai overlapping vertices matasan girgije, da ba matasan girgije hydrogen atoms.

Cikakken tsarin dabara da takaice methane da cikakken gana Butlerova ka'idar. Tsakanin carbon da hydrogen siffofin sauki (guda) bond, don haka da cewa sinadaran halayen ba hankula dangane.

Kasa shi ne na ƙarshe tsarin dabara. Methane - shi ne na farko wakilin aji na cikakken hydrocarbons, shi yana da hali Properties iyakance alkane. Tsarin dabara E da kuma methane tabbatar da irin hybridization na carbon zarra a cikin kwayoyin halitta.

Daga cikin makaranta sunadarai Hakika

Wannan aji na hydrocarbons, wakilin wanda yake shi ne "fadama gas", yi karatu a cikin shakka daga 10 aji na makarantar sakandare. Alal misali, yara samarwa aiki wadannan hali: "Rubuta tsarin dabarbari na methane". Ya kamata a fahimci cewa, kawai wani cikakken tsarin sanyi ga wannan abu za a iya fentin a kan Butlerova ka'idar.

Ya taqaitaccen dabara zai zama iri ɗaya a matsayin kwayoyin, rubuta a cikin nau'i na CH4. A karkashin sabon tarayya ilimi nagartacce cewa an hõre dangane da reorganization na Rasha da ilimi a cikin na asali sunadarai shakka duk batutuwa da suka shafi cikin halaye na azuzuwan da kwayoyin abubuwa, fahimta kula.

masana'antu kira

Methane-tushen masana'antu tafiyar matakai irin wannan muhimmanci sinadaran bangaren da aka ɓullo da yadda acetylene. Dalili na thermal ko lantarki fatattaka ne daidai da tsarin dabara. Methane a catalytic hadawan abu da iskar shaka na ammonia ta samar da hydrocyanic acid.

Aiwatar da wannan Organic abu domin samar da kira gas. By dauki tare da tururi, a cakuda carbon monoxide da hydrogen, waxanda suke da albarkatun kasa domin samar da iyaka na monohydric alcohols, carbonyl mahadi.

Na musamman muhimmancin ne da dauki tare da nitric acid, sakamakon nitromethane.

A amfani kamar mota man fetur

Saboda rashin halitta kafofin na hydrocarbons, kazalika da impoverishment na hanya tushe, musamman dacewa batun alaka da search for sabon (madadin) kafofin ga man fetur. Wata irin wannan zabin ne biodiesel, wanda hada da can da kuma methane.

Ba bambanci a tsakanin yawa fetur da man fetur da kuma na farko memba na aji na alkanes, akwai wasu halaye a aikace a matsayin ikon source for mota injuna. Domin kauce wa da bukatar a gudanar da wani babban adadin methane, da matsawa ƙara da yawa (a karkashin wani matsin lamba na game da 250 atmospheres). Methane adana a liquefied jihar a cylinders shigar a cikin abin hawa.

Exposure zuwa sararin sama

Mun riga tattauna da cewa methane yana da wani tasiri a kan greenhouse sakamako. Idan digiri na mataki na carbon monoxide (4) a kan sauyin yanayi conventionally dauka a matsayin hadin kai, to, shi sulusi da murabba'i 'fadama gas' ne 23 raka'a. A cikin shekaru biyu ƙarni, masana kimiyya sun lura da karuwa a cikin gwada yawa abun ciki na methane a yanayin duniya.

A halin yanzu, kimanin adadin _CH4 aka kiyasta a 1.8 sassa da miliyan. Duk da cewa wannan adadi ne 200 sau kasa da gaban carbon dioxide, akwai wani zance tsakanin masana kimiyya game da yiwu hadarin garkuwa da zafi jefarwa ta duniya.

Saboda da kyau kwarai calorific 'fadama gas' shi ne amfani ba kawai a matsayin feedstock a dauke da fitar da sinadaran kira, amma kuma a matsayin makamashi Madogararsa.

Alal misali, methane aiki da dama na iskar gas-kora boilers, ginshikan, tsara don mutum tsarin dumama a zaman gidajensu da kuma kasar cottages.

Irin kai-dumama zaɓi ne sosai da amfani ga masu gida, ba alaka da hatsari, a tsare faruwa a Karkasa tsarin dumama. Saboda gas tukunyar jirgi aiki a kan wani ba irin na man fetur, shi ne isa ga 15-20 minti domin cikakken zafi biyu-storey gidan.

ƙarshe

Methane, tsarin da kwayoyin dabarbari na wanda aka bai sama, na halitta tushen samar da makamashi. Saboda gaskiya cewa shi ya hada da kawai carbon da hydrogen atoms, muhalli gane da muhalli aminci daga cikin cikakken hydrocarbon.

A karkashin tuta yanayi (iska zazzabi na 20 digiri Celsius da wani matsin lamba daga 101325 Pa) abu ne gaseous, wadanda ba mai guba, ruwa insoluble.

A yanayin da iska zazzabi aka saukar zuwa -161 digiri, shi ne matsa methane da cewa an yi amfani da ko'ina a cikin masana'antu.

Methane yana da wani tasiri a kan mutum kiwon lafiya. Ba shi da wani mai guba abu, amma yana da wani gagarumin gas. Akwai ko da iyakoki (MAC) a kan abun ciki na sinadaran abubuwa a yanayi.

Alal misali, aiki a mahakar an yarda ne kawai a lokuta inda adadin bai ƙetare da cubic mita 300 milligrams. Binciken fasali na wani tsarin da kwayoyin halitta yiwu a kammala da cewa kamance a sinadaran da jiki Properties tare da duk sauran 'yan aji na cikakken (iyaka) hydrocarbons.

Mun bincikar da tsarin dabara, da na sarari tsarin methane. Homologue jerin wadda ta fara "fadama gas" yana da janar kwayoyin dabara C _n H _{2n + 2.}