Mene ne allotropy? allotrope na carbon, Chemistry

Dalilai iri-iri na gudanar da mahadi - da ikon samar daban-daban carbon atoms, sarƙoƙi da hawan keke ne juna. Wannan shi ne sabon abu na isomerism. Kuma dalilin da dama sauki inorganic abubuwa? Sai dai itace cewa ba za ka iya amsa wannan tambaya ta la'akari da abin da allotropy. Shi ne tare da wannan halitta sabon abu a duniya da sunadarai abubuwa daura da wanzuwar daban-daban siffofin sauki mahadi.

Mene ne allotropy?

Amsa ga wannan tambaya na iya zama haka. Wannan sabon abu ne da wanzuwar wannan sinadari a cikin nau'i na dama sauki abubuwa. Wannan shi ne, idan cell 118 a lokaci-lokaci tebur, shi ba ya nufin cewa wannan adadin kwayoyin halitta a yanayi. Kowace daga cikin abubuwa (kusan duk) da daya ko fiye da iri, ko allotropic gyare-gyare.

Mene ne daban-daban, irin abubuwa? A dalilan da sabon abu a tambaya ne m biyu:

• wata lambar daban na kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin (allotropy abun da ke ciki).
• unequal raga tsarin (allotropy form).

Sau da yawa manufar da ake dangantawa da ajalin polymorphism. Duk da haka, akwai bambanci a tsakanin su. Mene ne allotropy? Wannan gyara da sinadaran abubuwa a daban-daban sauki abubuwa, ko da kuwa ko shi ne a cikin wani Jihar tari. Duk da yake polymorphism - wannan ra'ayi ne m kawai don m crystalline abubuwa.

Daban-daban allotropic gyare-gyare mahadi yawanci denoted da Roman haruffa kafin sunan. Alpha ne ko da yaushe sanya a gaban siffar, wanda yana da wani m narkewa zafin jiki na tafasar. Kara saukar da haruffa da kuma wani karuwa a yi, bi da bi.

Ko da yake da sinadaran kashi a tushen sauki abu guda, gyare-gyare da kaddarorin muhimmanci daban-daban daga juna, da kuma duka da jiki da kuma sinadaran. A mafi sauki hanyar samar da allotropic siffofin:

• ba-karafa (sai dai halogens da inert gas).
• semimetals.

Kalla allotropy karafa karatu tun sai suka samar da wani m irin gyare-gyare da kuma ba duka. Total zuwa kwanan akwai fiye da 400 daban-daban siffofin sauki abubuwa. A mafi hadawan abu da iskar shaka halayyar da rabi, da girma da yawan da aka sani allotropic gyare-gyare ga shi.

carbon gyare-gyare

allotrope na carbon - shi ne ya fi kowa kuma mai daukan hankali misali dake bayyana sabon abu a cikin tambaya. Bayan duk, wannan kashi ne iya kafa da dama iri daban-daban mahadi crystal raga tsarin. A wannan hoton na mai sauki abu irin wannan iyakacin duniya hamayya da juna a cikin dũkiyarsu cewa yanke shawara aka bar mamaki yanayi.

Saboda haka, an allotrope na carbon hada da wadannan gyare-gyare.

1. Yana da wani allotrope na carbon cewa za a iya gano da kuma gaba da siffar, wanda shi ne tushen daban-daban daga baya daya. Wannan graphite. Very m abu, wanda zai iya flake kashe sauƙi, kuma bar wani rarrabe lamba a kan takarda. Saboda haka, ta amfani ga yi na iyawa ne sauki pencils. A tsarin wannan tsari - da kyakkyawan mai lebur. Connections tsakanin yadudduka ne akwai mãsu rauni, sauƙi tsage, low yawa abu. Graphite ake amfani da su samar da roba Diamonds matsayin m man shafawa, domin yi na wayoyin kamar yadda robobi filler, kuma a nukiliya nukiliya.
2. Fullerenes - wani hujja da cewa akwai allotropy. Chemistry da wadannan mahadi ne kama da cewa na aromatic hydrocarbons. Saboda su tsarin ne convex rufaffiyar polyhedra, kama wani wasan kwallon kafa ball. Fullerenes ana amfani da matsayin semiconductor a cikin art domin samar da superconducting mahadi a matsayin photoresist da sauransu.
3. Lonsdalite tserafit kuma - biyu kara crystalline allotropic gyara na carbon. Yana da aka gano gwada da kwanan nan. By Properties sosai kama da lu'u-lu'u, in babu impurities iya zama ko da wuya sau da yawa.
4. Coal da toka - allotropy amorphous abubuwa. Amfani da man fetur, lubricants, tace da sauransu. Bisa ga abun ciki a cikin yanayin da ya fi kowa na duk gyare-gyare na carbon.

lu'u-lu'u

A mafi wuya na duk aka sani abubuwa zuwa ranar, kiyasta a 10 maki a cikin Mohs sikelin. A crystalline nau'i na carbon, wanda tsari ne daga cikin irin yadda ya kamata juna tetrahedral cibiyar sadarwa abokai.

Diamond ne sosai iya watsar da haske, ana iya amfani da a matsayin ado (Diamonds). Saboda da matsananci taurin, da ake amfani da yankan da kuma waldi, hakowa, polishing, kuma nika. Yau kaddamar da samar na wucin gadi Diamonds amfani a masana'antu.

wasu nau'in

Har ila yau, akwai da dama iri na wannan kashi:

• nanotubes.
• nanofoam.
• Astrolite.
• nanofibers.
• idon yayi kamar gilashi.
• graphite.
• carbine.
• nanobuds.

M, amma putative siffofin wanzuwar sauki carbon mahadi: chaoit, carbon da karfe dicarbon.

oxygen allotropy

Wannan suranta biyu nonmetal sauki abu:

• oxygen gas (a al'ada yanayi), da dabara na wanda Ya _2;
• lemar sararin samaniya gas, da empirical abun da ke ciki na wanda gani Yã _3.

Babu shakka cewa a nan shi ne babban dalilin da wanzuwar gyare-gyare - da kwayoyin. Al'ada oxygen - tushen rayuwa ga dukan abubuwa masu rai (sai dai anaerobic kwayoyin). Shi ne wani aiki takara a gas musayar, tushen samar da makamashi ga duk rai tafiyar matakai. Chemically - oxidant, inda a jam'i da halayen da aka za'ayi.

Lemar sararin samaniya da aka kafa a cikin yanayi ko musamman awon kayan aiki ozonizers oxygen daga iska da wani karfi lantarki sallama. A yanayi - yana da walƙiya. A low yawa daga kufan shi yana da dadi wari sabo ne (bayan da hadari ko da yaushe ji a cikin iska). Shi ne mai matukar karfi oxidant, Bleach, chemically aiki.

phosphorus gyara

Allotropy oxygen ne kama da cewa na phosphorus da. Shi ma yana da game da 11 daban-daban gyare-gyare iri dabam-dabam da lambar da kwayoyin halitta a cikin DNA, sabili da haka, a sinadaran bond da dukiyoyinsu. Akwai uku barga siffofin, da kuma sauran, a cikin yanayi kusan ba ya faruwa, da kuma rubabben.

1. White phosphorus. Yana Formula F _4. A abu mai kama da fari taushi paraffin ko dan kadan yellowish launi. Abu ne mai sauki ya narke, juya cikin guba gas.
2. Red phosphorus - mai manna, wanda yana da wani m wari. Formula - P _n. Wannan polymer tsarin.
3. Black phosphorus - m ga tabawa nauyi, wanda shi ne baki a launi da kuma gaba daya mai narkewa a cikin ruwa.

karfe gyara

Mene ne allotropy karafa, za a iya samu a misali na baƙin ƙarfe. Yana wanzu a cikin nau'i na:

• alpha.
• beta.
• gamma.
• sigma siffar.

Kowane bambanta daga baya tsarin da crystal raga da, daidai da, Properties. Alal misali, alpha-nau'i - ferromagnetichna da beta -paramagnetik.

Kullum, duk aka sani karafa daga allotropic gyara ta samar da wata total of 27 sinadaran abubuwa.

tin allotropy

Ban sha'awa a cewa alpha-nau'i - a launin toka foda, wanda wanzu ne kawai a low yanayin zafi. Beta-nau'i, a daya hannun, karfe, silvery-fari, taushi da kuma ductile. Akwai a high zazzabi yi - har zuwa 161 ° ^C. Daya nau'i ne readily tuba zuwa wani a vivo, idan digiri drop.