Lerner Index. Sanadin da kuma sakamakon na monopolization na kasuwar

Duk da tattalin arziki da kuma yan majalisun dokoki da matakan dauka da hukumomi na kasashe daban-daban don magance kenkenewa, wannan sabon abu ne quite na kowa. Kenkenewa ikon mutum kamfanonin babban mai babbar barazana ga ci gaban tattalin arziki.

Kenkenewa da kafofin

Karkashin kenkenewa fahimtar kasuwar dominance na daya manufacturer (implementer), ko a hade kungiyar da batutuwa (cartels).

Babban kafofin na kenkenewa:

1. Na roba bukatar. Wannan factor, bi da bi, aka ƙaddara ta gaban a kasuwa irin kayayyakin, da gudun abokin ciniki mayar da martani ga price canji, muhimmancin kayayyakin don masu saye, kasuwar jikewa, da dama aikin damar da kaya da kuma matakan da ya dace da samun kudin shiga mai saye.
2. kasuwar taro. Ina 2-3 kamfanonin rufe 80-90% na masu amfani da, kenkenewa bayyana sauri fiye da a gasar kasuwanni.
3. Na hadin gwiwa da kamfanonin. Mukaddashin cohesively, masu sayarwa ko kera da karin iko.

A sakamakon kenkenewa

Company da kenkenewa ikon, da gangan ya takaita adadin fitarwa na dukiya da kuma kafa high farashin. Ta yana da wani tutu su runtse samar da halin kaka. Bugu da kari, kamfanin ya jawo ƙarin halin kaka domin ya kula da kuma karfafa matsayinsu.

Kenkenewa a kasuwar take kaiwa zuwa wannan effects:

• albarkatun ana amfani inefficiently.
• Society bai yi na'am da zama dole kaya;
• Babu ihisani ga ci gaba da kuma bullo da sabuwar fasahar.
• mafitar samar da halin kaka.

A sakamakon samar ba ya isa iyakar yiwu ya dace.

kenkenewa farashin

Daya sakamakon ne tafin kafa bayyanuwar kenkenewa tsari na kenkenewa farashin.

Karkashin kenkenewa fahimta Farashin ne muhimmanci bamban daga al'ada matakin, wanda zai iya faru a cikin wani m yanayi. Karkashin al'ada yanayi, da farashin da aka kafa a sakamakon wani rabo daga mabukaci bukatar da kasuwar wadata. A karkashin yanayi na kenkenewa farashin da aka kafa rinjaye batu a matakin da za su tabbatar da shi wuce haddi da riba, da kuma rufe da suka wuce haddi ta halin kaka.

Kenkenewa farashin iya overestimated ko underestimated. Inflated farashin ne saboda abin da dominance na babban retailer. Idan, duk da haka, kasuwar aka mamaye wani babban mai saye da mai manyan yawan masu sayarwa, za ayan understate da farashin kamar yadda zai yiwu.

Lerner index a matsayin nuna alama na monopolization

A matakin na kenkenewa ikon da kasuwar maida hankali ne auna ta mai mulkin yatsa, da index da kuma index of Lerner Garfindelya-Hirschman.

Lerner factor aka samarwa a cikin 1934. Shi ne daya daga cikin farko hanyoyin kayyade matakin na monopolization da kirga asarar jawo wa kansu da Company saboda kenkenewa. Da yake sauki, kuma da ilhama, wannan adadi a fili characterizes sakamakon monopolization. Yau da shi da ake amfani da tattalin arziki a duk duniya a cikin kimantawa da walwalar al'umma.

Idan kayan da ake samar da sayar karkashin monopolization, da farashin zai ko da yaushe zama ya fi na m kudin. Lerner Index ne sakamakon rarraba farashin net m kudin farashin. A mafi Farashin bambanta daga kudin, da girma da darajar da index daukan.

Lissafin lokuttan da kuma fassarar da Lerner index

Lerner Index da aka lasafta kamar haka:

• _{I L = (P - MC)} / P = - 1 / e _d.

P - shi ne kenkenewa price, kuma MC - m kudin.

Perfect gasar ya nuna cewa wani m ba zai iya shafar farashin matakin. Farashin ne a kan wannan matakin a matsayin m kudin (P MS), bi da bi:

• P - MC = 0.
• _{I L = (P - MC)} / P = 0 / P = 0.

Duk wani farashin ƙaruwa dangi zuwa m halin kaka ya nuna cewa kamfanin yana da wani iko. Matsakaicin yiwu darajar da index ne 1, da kuma shi ne mai nuni da cikakkar kenkenewa.

Lerner index za a iya bayyana a wata hanya - ta hanyar amfani da coefficient na elasticity :

• (P - MC) / P = -1 / e d;
• I _L = -1 / e _d.

Index e _d characterizes elasticity na bukatar a kamfanin ta kayayyakin cikin sharuddan farashin. Alal misali, idan E = -5, sa'an nan Na _L = 0,2.

A babban matakin monopolisation ba ko da yaushe nufin cewa kamfanin sami riba. Ta iya ciyar a kan kiyaye su yiwuwa a matsayin mai yawa kudi cewa duk ribar sanã'anta a sakamakon farashin ƙaruwa, shi ne baje.

Bayyananen na kenkenewa a Rasha

A lokacin miƙa mulki zamani, da 90-ies. Rasha tattalin arzikin da aka halin da wani babban taro a masana'antu kansu. A kasuwar da aka mamaye super-manyan kungiyoyi, da zabi na kasuwanci abokan kasance mai iyaka. Business nasara ne karfi da dogara a kan makamashi da kayayyaki. Performance Manuniya kamfanonin aka fadowa samar da kundin gangara, tsari ne a cikin wani Jihar stagnation.

A shekarar 1992, bayan da walwalar da babban 'yan wasa a kasuwa ya zama wani yanki da aluma monopolies. Tambayoyi game da da] a] e na manyan kamfanonin aka samu da wani kananan abokin tarayya, saboda abin da ya faru a Macro matakin imbalances matsala.

Monopolists ba tare da game da masu amfani da tsadar da karɓar ƙarin albashi. A jihar ba su da isasshen karfi levers na da tasiri a kan farashin matakin. A dokar m da kuma hukumomin gwamnati - da rauni žwarai. Shan amfani da halin da ake ciki, da monopolists na daban-daban rassan asirce sõyayya a cartels. Akwai cartels tsakanin masu saye da masu sayarwa, kazalika da gauraye.

Da zuwan sabon karni, da halin da ake ciki ya canza kadan. Kusan duk na kenkenewa kafa a cikin '90s, ci gaba da aiki. Bisa ga ƙa'ida decentralization a wasu masana'antu da aka gudanar, amma mafitar gas farashin da kuma wutar lantarki da shawara cewa monopolies har yanzu karfi. Disproportion, generated da karfi da tasiri daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa a kasuwa, ya zama daya daga cikin Sanadin da rikicin 2008-2009 gg.