M Shvarts Bertold - da ya kirkiro gunpowder

Yana da bakin ciki, amma da yawa ƙirƙirãwa da kuma binciken da zai iya propel bil'adama zuwa ga ci gaba, ya sami aikace-aikace da farko a cikin soja Sphere, akwai kawai halakar da mutane, ba don inganta rayuwarsu. Wadannan damuwa da kuma gunpowder. Bayan ta firtsi shi ya dauki kusan shida ƙarni kafin mutane suka fahimci cewa makamashi sake a fashewar, shi ne iya bauta wa m dalilai.

Sin, Larabawa da al'ummai?

Daga cikin masana kimiyya ba su daina jayayya a kan wanda yake da gaskiya kirkiro gunpowder. Ra'ayin da aka raba. A cewar daya daga cikin na kowa version, cewa izza ga jama'ar kasar Sin, wanda kafin mu zamanin sun gudanar ya halicci sosai raya wayewa da kuma yana da yawa musamman basira.

Magoya bayan wani ra'ayi yi imani da cewa gunpowder aka farko da ya gabatar a cikin arsenal na larabawa, riga a tsufa dashi wani nagartaccen fasahar dangane da ci-gaba ga cewa lokaci ƙirƙirãwa. Bugu da kari, tarihi Monuments m ambaci abin da ake kira Greek wuta , yi amfani da su hallaka maƙiyi jiragen ruwa. Saboda haka, a cikin muhawara game da wanda ƙirƙira gunpowder, kuma ake zamanin tsohuwar Girka.

shakka

Duk da haka, wani tsanani shawara cewa yana sanya a cikin tambaya duk uku na sama jarrabawa, shi ne haduwar da sinadaran abun da ke ciki na foda. Ko da a cikin mafi asali version, shi ya kamata hada sulfur, gawayi da kuma Saltpeter, da alaka a tsananin tsare shi ƙaddarãwa. Idan na farko da biyu aka gyara an har yanzu samu a cikin yanayi, da nitrate cewa shi ne ya dace domin samar da nakiyoyi, za a iya samu ta hanyar wani dakin gwaje-gwaje.

Sunadarai Mayya na Franciscan Order

A farko kirkiro gunpowder, waɗanda ayyukansu da aka rubuce, shi ne a Jamus m Bertold Shvarts, wanda ya rayu a cikin XIV karni da kuma mallakar Franciscan domin. Game da rayuwar wannan mutumin ya zauna sosai scanty bayanai. An sani ya real name - Constantine Anklittsen, amma ranar haihuwa ne sosai m - ƙarshen XIII karni.

Ransa so ya sunadarai, amma saboda a lokacin bai gani yawa bambanci tsakanin wani masanin kimiyya da sihiri, to, wannan aiki ya kawo shi a cikin masifa, da kuma sau daya ko ya jagoranci zuwa kurkuku, inda ya aka zargi da maita.

Bawan Allah, koyi kashe

Af, da m tarihi na sunan, wanda sa Shvarts Bertold. Idan na biyu bangaren kashi da aka ba a tonsure, na farko kasancewa da sunan barkwanci da kuma canjawa wuri zuwa Jamus a matsayin siffa "black", ya samu ne kawai domin su m daga ra'ayi na wasu, da aikin yi.

An sani cewa yayin da a kurkuku, ya ya iya ci gaba da karatunsa, kuma shi ne akwai sanya babbar firtsi, wanda a yarda mutane su kashe juna mafi sauri da kuma a cikin manyan yawa. Ta yaya wadannan zuhudu da rubuce-rubucen sun yi daidai da ka'idojin Kirista sadaka da kuma bil'adama - jigo na wani gaba ɗaya daban-daban hira.

A tartsatsi cewa ba Yunƙurin zuwa wuyan

Game da yanayi inda Shvarts Bertold farko tsiwirwirinsu m, mun san ba na masanin kimiyyar records, kuma labari cewa ya sauka daga zamanin da. Da yake a cikin Nuremberg kurkuku (a wani version - a Cologne), ya, kamar yadda muka ce, da aka tsunduma a cikin sinadaran gwaje-gwajen da zarar gauraye a turmi da sosai sulfur, gawayi da kuma saltpetre.

Yana da aka marigayi yamma, da kuma a cikin masallãci, inda ya yi aiki, ya zama duhu. Don haske kyandir, da fursuna ya dauki doka wuta - ashana ba tukuna zama, da kuma walƙiya bazata komai a fili kai tsaye a cikin turmi, rabin rufe da wani dutse. Nan da nan, wani m pop da wani dutse da aka jefa, bijirẽwa. Sa'a, da experimenter kansa ya ba da suka ji rauni.

Turmi, juya a cikin wani gun

Lokacin da na farko tsõro (shi ne quite halitta a cikin irin wannan hali) ya wuce, kuma da hayaki barrantar, Shvarts Bertold refilled tare da cakuda turmi, to kai da haihuwa rabbai na gyara. Kuma sake bi ta wani fashewa. Saboda haka akwai gunpowder. Wannan taron ya faru a 1330, kuma da shi da zamanin bindigogi, a baya ba a sani ba, ba kawai a Turai amma kuma a cikin duniya. Af, ci gaban ta farko samfurori karatu ne har yanzu wannan irrepressible Shvarts Bertold.

Wanda aka fitar bayan wadannan hare-hare na kurkuku da kuma Wahayi zuwa gare ta nasara, sai nan da nan kokarin ya sami infernal cakuda m aikace-aikace. Creative tunani gaya masa cewa, idan turmi yi manyan size, cika shi tare da cakuda na dutse da kuma karba mai kyau, zai iya sa wani matsala da abokan gaba, sunã mãsu jũyãwa da duka tsarin baya a cikin shugabanci.

A farkon zamanin bindigogi

A farkon kayan aikin da gaske kama kife a kaikaice turmi. Su ma zama da aka sani rokoki (daga Latin mortarium - «turmi"). A tsawon lokaci, da zane da aka mika kuma yarda da shaci na saba mana daga yara tsoho cannons da duwatsu da aka maye gurbinsu da baƙin ƙarfe nuclei.

Soja kayan aiki a kowane lokaci ya kan gaba wajen ci gaba. Ba da da ewa nauyi, kuma unwieldy kayan aikin Mun shiryar da ta ci gaba a kan ra'ayin samar da wani haske, elongated mai tushe tare da bakin ciki ganuwar da zai iya rike a hannuwansu a kafar soja. Saboda haka a cikin arsenals na Turai sojojin sun muskets da arquebuses, wanda ya zama samfur na zamani da tsarin da kananan makamai.

Documentary shaida game wanda ya ƙirƙira gunpowder

Idan takamaiman yanayi a karkashin abin da Berthold Schwarz gano gunpowder an sanya, za a iya kalubalanci, shi da ke marubucin bayan shakka. Wannan al'amari akwai quite da dama shirin gaskiya shaida. Daya daga cikinsu shi ne rikodin, a samu a cikin archives na birnin Ghent da kuma sanya a 1343. Ya furta cewa, a karkashin garun birnin, a wani karo da abokan gaba amfani da bindigogi, wanda ƙirƙira m Shvarts Bertold.

Sunan-kirkiro na m ne ma da aka ambata a cikin Littãfin Faransa King John II da Good, da aka buga a watan Mayu 1354. A da shi da monarch umurta a dangane da sabuwar dabara na Jamus m Bertolda Schvartsa, ban da fitarwa na jan daga mulki, kuma amfani da shi musamman domin Fitar bindigogi.

Rayuwa da ya rage wani asiri

An sani, kuma har yanzu da dama na da shaidar cewa kirkiro gunpowder ne daidai Bertold Shvarts. A biography wannan mutum a matsayin dukan wajen m, amma gaskiyar da samu ta wurinsa ne undeniable. Kwanan wata na mutuwa na wani tare da wani haske hannunka fagen zama jama'ar cannonade, kamar yadda da sani, kazalika da yanayi a karkashin abin da ya bar rai.

Ba mu san ko shi da wata halitta mutuwa, ko don ci gaba da gwajin, wani bincike malamin a wani matsayi, ba lissafi da cajin da hakkin ya yi kuskuren shi a matsayin Minesweeper, sau ɗaya kawai an ba. Tun da dukan wannan mutum da aka tana tattare a cikin asiri, da kuma shi ne mai samu sanya ta kasa girman kai, birane da yawa a Jamus zuwa da'awar da dama su zama haifuwa. Wannan Cologne da Dortmund da Freiburg, inda garin square tunawa Berthold Schwarz.