Main kimiyya reshe na pedagogy: description da halaye

Rassan ilimi na musamman ya shafi nazarin mutane da dama sabawa daga cikin misali na shafi tunanin mutum da ci gaba. Da alaka da irin matsalolin da samu ko nakasar lahani.

Features na Special Ilimi

Wadannan masana'antu gane tunani na pedagogy yanayi na musamman, domin mafi yawan bangare faruwa a samartaka da kuma yaranta a ƙarƙashin rinjayar dalilai na Organic ko aikin yanayi. Irin wannan yanayi sa jinkirin ko takamaiman psychosocial ci gaban yara, wanda ƙwarai dagula ta hadewa da kuma zamantakewa hada.

The abu na ilimi na musamman

A wannan reshe na zamantakewa pedagogy matsayin babban abu suna dauke matasa, da yara, tsofaffi mutane, da dama munanan a somatic, shafi tunanin mutum, ilimi, azanci shine, na sirri, da kuma zamantakewa da ci gaban. Kwararru ba kawai gano matsaloli, amma kuma neman hanyoyin da za a kawar da su.

Social ilimin halin dan Adam

A wannan masana'antu, akwai wasu wuraren pedagogy:

• tiflopsihogiya (a cikin hali na matsalolin da gabobin da hangen nesa).
• surdopsihologiya (ga kurãme yara da kuma matasa).
• oligofrenopsihologiya (tare da shafi tunanin mutum retardation).
• Psychology da yara tare da jawabin da matsaloli;
• Psychology yara da m shafi tunanin mutum retardation.

Ayyuka na Musamman Psychology

A wannan filin na pedagogy ne da wadannan ayyuka:

• bincika da siffofin da shafi tunanin mutum cin gaban daban-daban Categories mahaukaci yara da kuma matasa idan aka kwatanta da wadanda cewa ci gaba ba tare da karkata;
• karatu da tasiri na da tasiri na wasu horo hanyoyin da kuma horo a kan ci gaban da mutum daliban da suka sami nakasa.
• bincika da ƙayyadaddu na fahimi aiki a yara tare da daban-daban na nakasa.
• zabi cikin hanyoyin koyarwa da horo effects da kuma ci gaban yara da suke da gagarumin munanan a ci gaba;
• ci gaba hanyoyi da kuma hanyoyin da ganewar asali daban-daban na shafi tunanin mutum da ci gaban;
• Tantance m matsaloli da cewa bayyana a cikin shakka daga socialization da kuma zamantakewa hadewa da yara tare da daban-daban na mahaukaci ci gaba.

A m muhimmancin musamman Psychology

A wannan reshe na pedagogy sun gano wani yawan muhimmanci m matsaloli:

• gane yara da raya ci gaban cuta.
• rike bambanci ganewar asali.
• ci gaba wasu bincikowa da kida.

Principles of jarrabawa na yara tare da na cin gaba da matsaloli

Wadannan rassan tunani da kuma pedagogy ake aiki kan ka'idojin:

• wani m nazari na yaro.
• Dynamic jarrabawa na yaro.
• mutunci da kuma daidaito na horo, da ganewa na firamare da kuma sakandare aibi keta.
• ingantaccen da kuma gwada yawa m zuwa data analysis aiwatar da aka samu a lokacin Psycho-ilimi ganewar asali.

Don ka'idodin da aka jera a sama da aka aiwatar a cika, m sabis a cikin masana'antu na zamani pedagogy, shiryuwa ga bincike, m, remedial, na cin gaba, bincike, fi ayyuka da hali da aka halitta. A halin yanzu, Topical wadannan m: bayan bincike nunawa aka yi bincike na musamman sigogi na yaro ta shafi tunanin mutum da ci gaba.

Features na Special Ilimi

A wannan reshe na pedagogy matsayin kimiyya suna dauke mutane da munanan a shafi tunanin mutum da kuma ta jiki ci gaba, wanda su ne saboda wani gaji ko samu lahani ba za a iya horar da a cikin gargajiya pedagogical yanayi. Domin wadannan Categories yara da ba su dace da kullum yarda koyarwa kayan aikin da hanyoyin.

m support raga

Bari mu bincika da kimiyya reshe na pedagogy alaka da ci gaban yara da nakasa. Daga cikin manufofin da musamman goyon bayan release:

• Search rashin daidaituwa tsakanin matakan ci gaba da kuma horo dabaru irin yara.
• shan la'akari mutum damar iya yin komai na yara da munanan a ci gaba da takamaiman tsarin da kuma ilimi shirye-shirye;
• bincika da kuma ci gaban sharadi gwargwado ga zamantakewa karbuwa da kuma hadewa da yara da munanan;
• samar da ilimi da zamantakewa da shirye-shirye da taimakawa wajen sana'a kai-kafiya na dalibai.

Babban rassan pedagogy da tushe a kimiyance, a wasu terminology, da na ra'ayi na'ura. Ilimi na musamman da nufin habilitation da kuma fi na yara, diyya da kuma gyara daga ƙarara ta hanyar pedagogical kayan aikin. Yana da wannan reshe na pedagogy ne alhakin da samuwar kai girma, dace zamantakewa hali, ci gaba da kai girma. A sakamakon aikin malamai da kuma masana ilimin tunani na yara da m jiki da kuma m raya ci gaban cuta, bã ya da wani matsaloli tare da socialization kuma hadewa a cikin al'umma.

Defectology

A zamani tsarin na pedagogy sassa hada da irin wannan sashe kamar yadda defectology. Yana da kimiyya da ci gaban yara da munanan a ci gaba, kazalika da dokokin da suka da ilimi da kuma horo. Defectology matsayin kimiyya ya kawo wa zamani pedagogy hanya ga m binciken da hali na yara. Wannan pedagogy bangaren hada wadannan yankunan:

• jawabin far.
• Oligophrenopedagogics.
• Theory.
• ilimi matakan.

A karshen karni na karshe maimakon "Defectology" amfani da kalmar "correctional pedagogy". A halin yanzu, da Rasha, da ilimi da Kalmar "correctional pedagogy" na nufin Naira Miliyan Xari da aka gyara defectology aka gyara. Daidaituwa Pedagogy ne reshe na kimiyya koyarwa, wanda tasowa da msar tambayar ka'idoji, da kwasfansu, wajen da kuma hanyoyin da ilimi, da gyara, da ilimi na yara, a cikin abin da akwai munanan kuma raya ci gaban cuta.

Curative ilimi, wanda shi ne wani Hadakar likita da ilimi kimiyya tafiyad da tsarin ilimi da kuma aikin koyarwa da malamai unwell da rashin lafiya yara, shi ne m ga correctional pedagogy.

terminology

Daga cikin manyan matsalolin da ilimi na musamman da kuma tunani release:

• lahani.
• na kullum.
• diyya.
• fi.
• mahaukaci yara.
• gyara.
• dizontogeneza.
• socialization.
• mahallin na ilimi.

Mun bincika daki-daki, ga sharuddan. Kalmar "kullum" (fassara daga Latin nufin shiryarwa manufa) da ake amfani da su bayyana kiwon lafiya ko cuta. Tare da na kullum idan aka kwatanta da ilimi, Psycho-wani tunanin, physiological jihar na yaro da hannu a cikin ganewar asali.

Pathology dauke a matsayin sabawa daga cikin misali na ci gaba. Psychologists asirce pathological ilimi da kuma physiological ci gaba, kazalika da sabawa daga cikin halayyar a cikin al'umma. Karkatacciya hali da aka kira wani tsarin na raba ayyukan, ko yi da su ne ya saba wa fiye yarda da dokoki da kuma norms. A zamani Psychology, gane da dama iri nagartacce:

• m misali;
• physiological na kullum.
• canzawa juna.
• mutum na kullum.

Baya daga physiological munanan a ci gaba, sau da yawa a cikin yara ya lura halayya Pathology. Sun bayyana a cikin rashin zaman lafiya na interpersonal dangantaka, fushi, takaici, low kai girma, kãfircinsa na kansa.

Lahani - a zahiri ko shafi tunanin mutum da aibi, wanda ya haddasa take hakkin da cikakken ci gaban da yaro. Ware ta farko da na biyu bayyanar cututtuka. Idan akwai wani aibi a cikin yaro na daya daga cikin ayyukan faruwa wahala al'ada jiki aiki, akwai m matsaloli, slows fahimi ci gaba. A ci gaba da yaro a wani aibi na daya daga cikin ayyukan auku ne kawai a karkashin wani yanayi. A tasiri na aibi ne ambivalent. Saboda shi akwai disturbances a cikin al'ada aiki na jiki, amma a lokaci guda vigorously samar da wasu siffofin rama domin rashin bayyanarsa. Psychologist L. S. Vygotsky ce cewa debe aibi hankali jũya a cikin wani da diyya. A halin yanzu, akwai iri biyu lahani:

• Primary hada da janar da kuma musamman tabarbarewa na tsakiya m tsarin, wanda bayyana kansu a cikin bata lokaci ba ci gaba. A farko sakamako ne ya sa ta lalacewar da analyzers, da tsakiya m tsarin.
• Secondary ci gaba da yaron ke tsiro, da data kasance keta psychophysiological ci gaba, idan da zamantakewa yanayi ba zai iya rama domin irin wannan matsaloli. Secondary aibi unshi da bai cika ci gaban da hakan shafi tunanin mutum da ayyuka saboda munanan a ci gaba da firamare. Alal misali, idan wani yaro yana da wani ji matsala, shi ne talauci da suka ci gaba magana da tunani.

Secondary lahani faruwa da daban-daban sunadaran. Mafi sau da yawa underdeveloped ayyuka da cewa suna a hankali alaka da farko lahani. A makarantan nasare shekaru ne da samuwar bazuwar motility a cikin m lokaci. Idan a wannan lokacin akwai wani iri-iri na raunin da ya faru: shugaban rauni, meningitis, na iya haifar da jinkiri a cikin al'ada cin gaban wani yaro da aka kafa ta motor disinhibition. A mafi girma da sabawa na dangantaka tsakanin sakandare da kuma primary lahani, da wuya shi ne yin gyaran.

ƙarshe

A zamani pedagogy kuma Psychology emit mai yawa masana'antu. Kowane bukatar da kansa musamman a raga da kuma manufofin, yana nufin wani takamaiman shekaru. Musamman da hankali kwanan nan ba da ci gaba da kuma gyara na yara da m munanan a physiological da m ci gaba. The gaggawa na matsalar ne saboda mafitar abin da ya faru a cikin yara, gami da kara yawan shafi tunanin mutum da kiwon lafiya cuta.

Godiya ga zamanintar da zamani tsarin ilimi a Rasha, dake faruwa a yanzu lokaci, ya zama zai yiwu to horo da kuma ilimi shirye-shirye ga mutum yara da suke da tsanani munanan a Physiology da hankulansu ci gaba. A da yawa makarantun sakandare, akwai na musamman remedial azuzuwan a cikin abin da yara suna koyar da kuma ci gaba na musamman shirye-shirye. Aiki malamai faruwa a kusa lamba tare da yaron Psychologists.