Manganese (nauyin sinadarai): kaddarorin, aikace-aikacen, ƙayyadewa, digiri na hawan ƙwayoyi, abubuwan da ke da ban sha'awa

Daya daga cikin mahimman ƙananan ƙarfe don ƙarfafawa shine manganese. Bugu da ƙari, wannan abu ne mai mahimmanci, tare da abin da ke da alaƙa mai ban sha'awa. Muhimmiyar kwayoyin rai, wajibi ne don samar da allo da yawa, sunadarai. Manganese - wani sinadari, wani photo na wanda za a iya gani a kasa. Yana da dukiya da halayen da zasuyi la'akari a wannan labarin.

Abubuwan halayen sinadaran

Idan muka magana game da manganese matsayin wani kashi na lokaci-lokaci tsarin, abu na farko da ya zama a fahince matsayinsa a cikinsa.

1. An samo shi a karo na hudu babban lokaci, ƙungiya ta bakwai, ƙungiya ta ƙungiya.
2. Lambar siriyal - 25. Manganese - wani kashi, da cajin tsakiya wanda shi ne daidai da 25 kwayoyin halitta. Adadin electrons ɗaya ne, neutrons ne 30.
3. Nau'in atomic shine 54,938.
4. Sakamakon nauyin sinadaran manganese shine Mn.
5. Sunan Latin shine manganese.

Akwai tsakanin chromium da baƙin ƙarfe, wanda ya kwatanta kamanta da su a yanayin jiki da hade.

Manganese - hadewar sinadaran: samfurin gyare-gyare

Idan muka yi la'akari da wani ba zarra electron sanyi, ta dabara za su yi da tsari: 1s 2s ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ 3s 3p ⁶ 4s ² 3d ^5. Ya zama a bayyane yake cewa kashi da muke la'akari shine samfurin canzawa daga d-iyali. Five electrons a kan 3d suvelvel magana ne game da zaman lafiyar na atom, wanda aka bayyana a cikin abubuwan sunadarai.

Kamar yadda karfe, manganese wani wakili ne mai ragewa, amma yawancin mahaɗanta suna iya nunawa da ƙarfin ikon samowa. Wannan shi ne saboda nau'o'in digiri na nauyin samfur da kuma basirar da wannan kashi yake mallaka. Wannan shi ne siffar dukkanin ƙwayoyin wannan iyali.

Saboda haka, manganese wani nau'i ne mai sinadaran da ke tsakanin wasu nau'in halitta kuma yana da halaye na kansa. Bari mu bincika abin da waɗannan kaddarorin suke cikin daki-daki.

Manganese wani nau'i ne na sinadaran. Degree of oxidation

Mun riga mun ba da ma'aunin lantarki na atom. A cewarta, wannan nau'ikan yana iya nuna nauyin haɓakaccen nauyin samfur. Waɗannan su ne:

• 0;
• +2;
• +3;
• +4;
• +6;
• +7.

Kwanci na atomatik shine IV. Mafi mahimmanci su ne wadanda aka hada da +2, +4, +6 a cikin manganese. Matsayi mafi girma na samin lantarki yana bada damar mahadi suyi aiki a matsayin mafi karfi oxidants. Ga misali: KMnO _4, mn ₂ Ya _7.

Majeran da +2 suna rage jamiái, manganese (II) hydroxide yana da amphoteric Properties, tare da yawanci na asali. Alamar tsaka-tsaka na digiri na samin asibiti siffan amphoteric.

Tarihin binciken

Manganese wani nau'in hade ne da aka gano ba nan da nan, amma hankali ta hanyar masana kimiyya daban-daban. Duk da haka, ana amfani da mahaɗinta tun daga zamanin d ¯ a. Hanyar Manganese (IV) an yi amfani dashi don gilashin fuska. Ɗaya daga cikin Italiyanci ya bayyana cewa, kariyar wannan fili a cikin samar da kayan tabarau na sunadarai ya rufe launin launi. Tare da wannan, wannan abu yana taimaka wajen kawar da turbidity a cikin tabarau masu launin.

Daga baya a Ostiryia, masanin kimiyya Kaim ya gudanar da wani samfuri na manganese, yana aiki a kan yawan zafin jiki na pyurylis (manganese oxide (IV)), da kwalba da kwalba. Duk da haka, wannan samfurin yana da ƙazantar da yawa, wanda bai iya kawar da ita ba, don haka binciken bai faru ba.

Ko da daga baya, wani masanin kimiyya ya hada da cakuda wanda babban ma'auni ya ƙaddamar da nauyin ƙarfe. Bergman, wanda ya gano wani ɓangaren nickel a baya. Duk da haka, ba a ƙaddara ta kawo shi ba har ƙarshe.

Manganese - wani nau'i mai sinadaran, don samowa da kuma ware abin da Karl Scheele yayi na farko a 1774. Duk da haka, ya yi shi tare da ni. Ghana, wanda ya kammala aikin aiwatar da ƙwallon wani ƙarfe. Amma ko da sun kasa kawar da shi daga ƙazantawa kuma suna samun kashi 100% na samfurin.

Kodayake, wannan lokacin shine lokacin da aka gano wannan ƙwayar. Wadannan masana kimiyya sunyi ƙoƙarin ba da suna a matsayin masu hidima. Sun zabi kalmar manganese. Duk da haka, bayan gano magnesium, rikicewa ya fara, kuma an canza sunan manganese zuwa zamani (H. David, 1908).

Tun da manganese wani nau'i ne mai sinadaran dukiyarsa suna da matukar muhimmanci ga tsarin tafiyar da abubuwa masu yawa, a tsawon lokaci ya zama dole ya sami hanyar samun shi a cikin mafi tsarki. Wannan matsala ta magance wannan matsala daga masana kimiyya daga ko'ina cikin duniya, amma ya gudanar da shi don warware shi a cikin 1919 kawai saboda ayyukan R. Agladze, masanin kimiyyar Soviet da kuma likitan. Shi ne wanda ya samo hanyar da za a iya samun electrolysis daga sulphates da manganese chlorides ta hanyar tsarkake electrolysis tare da 99.98% abun ciki na abu. Yanzu ana amfani da wannan hanya a duk faɗin duniya.

Kasancewa cikin yanayi

Manganese wani nau'i ne na sinadaran, hoto na abu mai sauki wanda za'a iya gani a kasa. A yanayi, akwai isotopes na wannan ƙwayar, yawan neutrons wanda yawanci yake gudana. Saboda haka, taro lambobin bambanta a cikin kewayon daga 44 zuwa 69. Duk da haka, da kawai barga isotope na wani kashi da ciwon darajar ⁵⁵ mn, wasu suna da wata negligibly short rabin-rai, ko akwai ma kananan yawa.

Tun da manganese wani nau'in sinadarai ne wanda digirin digirinsa ya bambanta, yana kuma samar da yawancin mahadi a yanayin. A cikin tsabta, wannan nauyin ba ya faruwa a kowane lokaci. A cikin ma'adanai da ores, maƙwabcinsa na da ƙarfe. Gaba ɗaya, zaka iya tsara wasu da yawa manyan duwatsu, wanda ya haɗa da manganese.

1. Pyrolusitis. A fili na dabara: MnO ₂ * NH ₂ O.
2. Psilomelan, kwayar MnO2 * mMnO * nH2O.
3. Manganite, ma'anar MnO * OH.
4. Browns ba su da yawa fiye da sauran. Da dabara na mn ₂ Ya _3.
5. Hausmannite dabara mn * mn ₂ Ya _4.
6. Rodonite mn ₂ (Sio _{3) 2.}
7. Carbonate ores na manganese.
8. Rasberi spar rhodochrosite ko - MnCO _3.
9. Purple - mn ₃ PO _4.

Bugu da ƙari, yana yiwuwa a tsara wasu ma'adanai da dama, wanda ya hada da maɓallin da aka yi la'akari. Waɗannan su ne:

• Kira;
• Siderite;
• Clay minerals;
• Chalcedony;
• Opal;
• Sandy-silty mahadi.

Bayan dutsen dutse da tsawa, ma'adanai, manganese wani abu ne mai sinadaran wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na abubuwa masu zuwa:

1. Kwayoyin shuka. Mafi yawan masu tarawa na wannan kashi sune: kwayar ruwa, duckweed, diatoms.
2. Rusty namomin kaza.
3. Wasu nau'in kwayoyin.
4. Dabbobin da ke gaba: ja tururuwa, crustaceans, mollusks.
5. Mutane - kullum bukatar game da 3-5 MG.
6. Ruwan Duniya na dauke da 0.3% na wannan rabi.
7. Jimlar abun ciki a cikin kullun duniya shine 0.1% ta hanyar taro.

Gaba ɗaya, wannan ita ce 14th mafi yawan kowa na kowa a duniya. Daga cikin ƙarfe mai nauyi, shi ne na biyu bayan ƙarfe.

Kayan jiki

Tun daga ra'ayi na dukiyawan manganese, a matsayin abu mai sauƙi, zamu iya gane yawancin halaye na jiki.

1. A cikin nau'i mai sauki abu ne mai ƙarfin gaske (a kan matakin Mohs, adadi ne 4). Color - silvery-white, mai iska mai rufi tare da fim mai kariya mai sanyi, glistens a kan yanke.
2. Da narkewa batu na 1246 ⁰ C.
3. Tafasasshen - 2061 ⁰ C.
4. Gidarorin halayen masu kyau suna da kyau, yana da paramagnet.
5. Metal yawa ne 7,44 g / cm ^3.
6. Ya wanzu a cikin nau'i na gyaran haɓaka guda hudu (α, β, γ, σ), ya bambanta a cikin tsari da kuma nau'i na kwaskwarima da maɗaurarwa na mahaifa. Maɓallin ƙuƙasawa kuma ya bambanta.

A cikin kwakwalwa, ana amfani da nau'i uku na manganese: β, γ, σ. Alpha ba shi da ƙasa, saboda yana da banƙyama a dukiyarsa.

Chemical Properties

Daga ra'ayi na ilmin sunadarai, manganese wani nau'i ne mai sinadarin sinadaran wanda ma'auninsa ya canza sosai daga +2 zuwa +7. Wannan ya bar tasirinsa a kan aikinsa. A cikin kyauta kyauta a cikin iska, manganese yana haɓaka sosai da ruwa, ya narke a cikin acid dilu. Duk da haka, kawai wajibi ne don ƙara yawan zazzabi, kamar yadda aikin karfe ya ƙaru ƙwarai.

Saboda haka, yana iya yin hulɗa da:

• Nitrogen;
• Carbon;
• Halogens;
• Silicon;
• Phosphorus;
• Grey da wasu ba karafa ba.

A lokacin da mai zafi ba tare da iska ba, sauƙi zai sauko cikin yanayin tururi. Dangane da digirin samfur wanda manganese ya nuna, mahaɗinta zasu iya zama ko dai rage jamiái ko ma'aikatan oxidizing. Wasu suna nuna alamun amphoteric. Saboda haka, halayen mahimmanci ne don mahadi wanda shine +2. Tsarin haske - +4, da kuma acidic da karfi da yin amfani da shi a mafi yawan darajar +7.

Duk da cewa manganese wani samfuri ne mai sauƙi, mahalli masu mahimmanci don shi kaɗan ne. Wannan shi ne saboda daidaitattun lantarki na atomatik, saboda ƙananan 3d ya ƙunshi 5 zaɓuɓɓuka.

Hanyar samun

Akwai hanyoyi guda uku da aka samar da manganese (wani nau'i mai sinadaran) a masana'antu. Kamar yadda muka karanta a Latin sunan, mun riga mun nuna - manganum. Idan ka fassara shi zuwa Rasha, zai kasance "eh, da gaske, ya bayyana". Da sunansa, manganese yana da dukiyarsa ga dukiyar da aka sani daga tsohuwar.

Duk da haka, duk da shahararrun, kawai a shekarar 1919 an samo shi don amfani a cikin tsabta don amfani. Ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyoyi masu zuwa.

1. Kayan lantarki, yawan amfanin ƙasa shine 99.98%. Ta wannan hanyar, an samar da manganese a masana'antun sunadarai.
2. Silicothermic, ko sake dawo da silicon. Tare da wannan hanyar, haɗawa da silicon da oxygen manganese (IV) yana faruwa, wanda ya haifar da samin karfe mai tsabta. Yawan amfanin ƙasa shine kimanin 68%, tun lokacin haɗuwa da manganese da silicon tare da silikanci ya shiga gefe. Ana amfani da wannan hanyar a cikin masana'antu na masana'antu.
3. Hanyar Aluminothermic - dawo da aluminum. Har ila yau ba ya ba da yawan amfanin ƙasa na samfur, manganese an kafa gurbata tare da tsabta.

Samar da wannan ƙarfe yana da mahimmanci ga matakai da dama da aka gudanar a cikin tsarin gyare-gyare. Koda karamin karamin manganese zai iya rinjayar dukiyar duk allo. An tabbatar da cewa da yawa ƙananan ƙafa sun rushe a ciki, suna cika cikawar lattice.

Game da samarwa da kuma samar da wannan nau'ikan, Rasha ta kasance na farko a duniya. Har ila yau ana aiwatar da wannan tsari a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe kamar:

• China.
• Afirka ta Kudu.
• Kazakhstan.
• Georgia.
• Ukraine.

Yi amfani da masana'antu

Manganese wani abu ne mai sinadarai, yin amfani da shi ba mahimmanci ba ne kawai a cikin tsarin ƙarfe. Amma kuma a wasu wurare. Bugu da ƙari, da karfe a cikin tsabta siffar, daban-daban mahadi na wannan atom da muhimmanci ne. Bari mu bayyana manyan.

1. Akwai nau'i-nau'i iri daban-daban, wanda, godiya ga manganese, suna da kyawawan dabi'un. Alal misali, Hadfield karfe ne da karfi da kuma m cewa shi da ake amfani da smelting sassa excavator, dutse aiki da inji, grinders, ball Mills, makamai abubuwa.
2. Manganese dioxide wani nau'i ne mai yin amfani da shi na lantarki na electroplating, an yi amfani dashi don ƙirƙirar masu tasowa.
3. Mutane da yawa mahadi na manganese ana buƙatar don ganin kwayoyin halitta sun hada da abubuwa masu yawa.
4. Ana amfani da potassium permanganate (ko manganese) a magani a matsayin mai cutarwa mai karfi.
5. Wannan rabuwa na ɓangare na tagulla, tagulla, yana samar da ƙafafunsa da jan ƙarfe, wanda ke aiki don yin turbines na jiragen sama, ruwan tabarau da wasu sassa.

Matsayi na rayuwa

A yau da kullum da ake bukata domin mutum a manganese ne 3-5 MG. Rashin daidaituwa na wannan kashi yana haifar da rashin tausayi na tsarin mai juyayi, damuwa da tashin hankali, tashin hankali. Ba a fahimci matsayinsa ba tukuna, amma a bayyane yake cewa, na farko, yana rinjayar:

• Girma;
• Ayyukan gonad;
• Ayyukan hormones;
• Samar da jini.

Wannan kashi yana samuwa a cikin kowane tsire-tsire, dabbobi, mutum, wanda ya tabbatar da muhimmancin rayuwarsa.

Bayani mai ban sha'awa game da kashi

Manganese wani abu ne na sinadaran, abubuwa masu ban sha'awa game da abin da zai iya damu da kowa, har ma ya bayyana yadda yake da muhimmanci. A nan ne mafi mahimmanci daga cikinsu, wanda ya samo alamar su a tarihin wannan karfe.

1. A lokacin wahala na yakin basasa a cikin USSR, ɗayan samfurorin fitarwa na farko shine m, yana dauke da adadin manganese.
2. Idan manganese dioxide zuwa fis tare da potassium hydroxide da nitrate, sa'an nan da samfurin da aka narkar a ruwa, da hira fara mamaki. Na farko mafita ya juya kore, to, launi ya canza zuwa blue, to, - violet. A ƙarshe, zai zama launin shunni kuma a hankali ya sauke launin ruwan kasa. Idan an girgiza ruwan magani, to, koren launi zai dawo kuma duk abin zai sake faruwa. Yana da wannan ne cewa potassium permanganate yana da sunansa, wanda ke fassara a matsayin "ma'adinai na ma'adinai".
3. Idan an gabatar da takin mai magani wanda aka kunshi manganese a cikin ƙasa, yawancin tsire-tsire zai kara karuwa da sauri da photosynthesis zai kara. Alkama na alkama zai fi dacewa da hatsi.
4. Mafi yawan toshe na ma'adinai na manganese rhodonite kimanin kilo 47 ne aka samu a Urals.
5. Akwai karami guda uku da ake kira manganin. Ya ƙunshi abubuwa kamar jan ƙarfe, manganese da nickel. Hannun da ya bambanta yana cikin gaskiyar cewa tana da juriya mai kyau, wanda ba ya dogara da zazzabi, amma rinjaye ne.

Hakika, wannan ba abin da za'a iya fada game da wannan ƙwayar ba. Manganese wani nau'i ne na sinadaran, abubuwan ban sha'awa game da abin da suke da bambanci. Musamman idan muna magana game da kaddarorin da ke ba da allo daban-daban.