Me da matsayi na musamman na Sevastopol? A tarihin Sevastopol. Sevastopol matsayi a cikin Tarayyar Soviet

Daga cikin Greek Sevastopol nufin "sanannen birnin". Wannan yanki sun ƙware da yawa ƙarni da suka wuce. Saboda haka, ko da shekara ɗari biyar kafin Kirista zamanin akwai wani Girkanci - sanannen birni na Hersonissos. A zabi na wannan wuri ne saboda wadannan dalilai: a kan Black Sea Coast sami mafi m bay.

kara ci gaba da

Daya ɗari da goma sha biyu shekara kafin mu zamanin da aka alama ta shigarwa na Chersonesus a Pontic-Bosporan jihar, sa'an nan shi ya zama wani ɓangare na babban dauloli - Roman. Bayan fall na karshe birni zo a karkashin reshe na Rum. Hersonissos zarar ya zama Byzantine ginshikan wakiltar kula da cibiyar a kan Black Sea Coast. Hanzari da shi ɓullo da cinikayya da masana'antu. Rasha shugabannin farko ji na Hersonissos, baya lokacin da aka kira Korsun (IX-XIII cc.).

A cikin goma sha huɗu-goma sha biyar ƙarni tarihin Sevastopol ya kai wani sabon juyin juya halin: birnin da aka ci nasarar da Turks da suka rasa ta muhimmanci, domin shi ne kawai ba su da sha'awar a cikin sabon shugabanni. Port birane ba administrative cibiyoyin, da kuma wuraren da aka dauka da ƙauyuka, a tsakiyar wannan yanki. Saboda haka, Bakhchisaray samu matsayi na babban birnin kasar na khans, na musamman muhimmancin su ne Ak-masallaci (daga 1748 a Simferopol) da kuma Karasubazar. Dukansu sun kasance nisa daga teku.

duk abin da canje-canje

Daga bisani, Crimea ya zama wani ɓangare na Rasha Empire. A 1783 Catherine II umurni da gina birnin a shafin na Akhtiar kauye, dake kusa da kango na Korsun (Chersonese).

Me da matsayi na musamman na Sevastopol? Gaskiyar ita ce, tun da aka kafa shi ya taka rawa a duk babban tushe na Black Sea jiragen ruwa. A birni ya ko da yaushe ya mai girma soja da siyasa da muhimmanci.

Shekaru hudu bayan samuwar matsayi na Sevastopol karshe kunshe: birnin fara wakiltar wani sojan ruwa mai tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin gabobin da} ungiyoyin gwamnati sassan da aka canjawa wuri Crimea. Saboda haka, a 1767, akwai wani rabuwa na birnin Taurian yankin da kuma hisãbinsa zuwa sojan ruwa da tashoshin jiragen ruwa na kasa da muhimmancin. A tarihin Sevastopol yana da wani sabon al'amari: ya koma a cikakken biyayya ga St. Petersburg da kuma ya zama mai raba administrative gundumar. A birnin mulki na sojan ruwa gwamnati. Babu shakka, shi da aka gudanar daga St. Petersburg.

Ashirin da uku a watan Fabrairu 1804, Sarkin sarakuna Alexander na bayar da umarni da cewa matsayi na musamman na Sevastopol matsayin babban sojan ruwa tashar jiragen ruwa. A wannan yanayin, wani sauki m jiragen sun haramta shigar da shi. Ban kasance kawai jure kotu bala'i. Bayan gyare-gyare da aka bukata to nan da nan bar tashar jiragen ruwa.

Talatin na Afrilu 1809, da makamantansu da aka mika matsayi na wani birni. Sevastopol zama ma da babban karfi na Black Sea. Tun da shi ne guda ƙasar Kiwon flag a Viborg, Kronstadt da Sveavorg.

dabbanci halaka

A 1853, da fashewa daga cikin Crimean War. Maqiyan aka precipitated Sevastopol - wani gari na matuƙan - a kan mutum ɗari uku da arba'in da tara da kwana. A sakamakon haka, shi ya juya a cikin kango, kuma tare da shi - da kuma dukan Black Sea jiragen ruwa (shi aka sunk a cikin hari a kan umarni na Admiral Nakhimov). A 1856, Crimean War zo ga ƙarshe. Aminci ya na Paris da aka sanya hannu. Bisa ga daftarin aiki, Rasha sake haramta shirya rundunar motoci a Sevastopol. Har 1871 ya kasance wani kasuwar garin da kwastan tashar. Bayan da sakewa na sama duniya yarjejeniya Alexander II mayar da matsayi na Sevastopol matsayin tsakiyar sojan ruwa mai tashar jiragen ruwa na Empire a kan Black Sea. 1875 aka alama ta yi na Railway hanyoyi a haɗa Sevastopol daga St. Petersburg da kuma Moscow. A 1891, yi da aka kammala Vladimir Church, da kuma a shekara daga baya ya zo da gano Chersonesos gidan kayan gargajiya. Saboda haka, ta 1894, birnin ya cika da mayar da su status. Tushe na sojan ruwa a Sevastopol kõma ta tsohon muhimmancin. Hannun jari admiralty ba komai: akwai shiri na warships na daban-daban azuzuwan (ko da battleships).

bambanci

Abin lura shi ne cewa na musamman gashi na makamai da aka amince domin Sevastopol. Its babba bayãnin hukuncin fasalin bayyananna kasa muhimmancin. Babu wani daga cikin birni, lardin ko yanki alama ba zai iya fariya. Saboda haka, shi da aka nuna a cikin ja garkuwa (as a cikin babban birnin kasar), bayan da shi - biyu haye anka zinariya launi (as dukkan manyan tashar jiragen ruwa birane, misali, a St. Petersburg). Kamar yadda alama da aka zaba Griffin - kamar House of Romanov, amma ba ja a kan azurfa filin, amma a maimakon haka, da cewa shi nuna alamar wani tarihi maimakon a Generic, nazarin halittu, ko dynastic jere. Wannan shi ne wani tabbaci na soja-tarihi halin da ake ciki na gari.

Saboda haka me ya sa da matsayi na musamman na Sevastopol, ko duk da cewa an dauke shi a ƙarfi daga cikin uku aji? Bayan duk, ya kawai ba su da isasshen defenses ƙara da matakin! Duk da ba mai arziki USAID da fasaha kayan aiki ga Rasha Sevastopol (dandalin birnin - goma sha tara dubu kadada) na ko da yaushe kasance da muhimmanci sosai. Duk abin da aka bayyana kawai: shi ne kawai manyan USAID a kan dukan Maritime iyakar kudancin jihar.

sabon shugabanci

Tun farkon karni na ashirin, fiye da mafi yawon bude ido ya fara yi sha'awar a tekun Black Sea. Sevastopol suka fara samar ya zama makõma. Gina yawa hotels, da takardar gidaje. An bude Romanovsky Cibiyar jiki da hanyoyin magani a shekara ta 1914. Ma'aikata sun rayayye bincika tasiri na Crimean iska, laka da kuma teku wanka a kan mutum kiwon lafiya. A nazarin halittu tashar bincika Fauna da Flora, ta Black Sea. Daga baya, da ma'aikata da aka canza kama zuwa wata babbar bincike cibiyar. A karkashi da aka bude tankin kifi marine kifi. Domin Rasha, shi wani sabon abu.

A juyin juya halin Musulunci ruhu

Sevastopol bai kasance can wuri mai nĩsa daga abubuwan da suka faru na farko Rasha juyin juya halin. Kamar yadda ka sani, a kan jirgin ruwa na soja "Potemkin" a watan Yuni 1905 da nuna alfahari hoisted cikin ja flag, kuma a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekara a kan jirãge na ga Black Sea jiragen ruwa, da tawaye karkashin jagorancin Laftanal Schmidt. Ba da da ewa bayan tawayen da aka mur, da kuma ta instigators sa ran kisa.

wartime

Rasha ta shiga yakin duniya na farko da ya faru a shekara ta 1914. A karshen watan Oktoba, da Jamusanci jirgin ruwa na soja "Goeben" harbe a Sevastopol. Maƙiyi harin da aka tsãwace jirgin ruwa na soja "cafe Pobedonosets" da kuma gaci batura. Rasha Navy, jaruntaka shawo kan matsaloli, ya cin nasara a cikin fadace-fadace a kan ruwan tekun Black Sea.

A sakamakon m hakar ma'adinai na Bosphorus mashigar maƙiyi rasa daya minelayer, mutum ɗari da ashirin da mota da kuma sailing schooners, kazalika da goma sha transports. A muka ambata a sama jirgin ruwa na soja "Geben" cikin ƙaho up ta mahakar goma sha uku Disamba 1914.

A cikin duka, a lokacin farko World godiya ga kokarin da tekun Black Sea jiragen ruwa da aka halaka ta Turkish jiragen ruwa zuwa da hamsin da uku da ɗari sauran jiragen ruwa. A 1915, an kuma ru ta biyu battleships, biyar squadrons na hallaka, shida submarines da biyu da iska tare da seaplanes a kan jirgin.

A babbar rawa a nasarar da Rasha rundunar sanya wa Admiral Kolchak. Ya dauki umarnin rundunar motoci a 1916. Admiral wani mãkirci, mãkirci kama da Bosphorus da kuma Istanbul hare-haren, amma da ra'ayoyin bai samar da wani juyin juya halin na 1917.

Sevastopol matsayi a cikin Tarayyar Soviet

A saurã daga fadar White Army aka kwashe daga birnin a watan Nuwamba 1920. Umurnin aiwatar dauki Janar Wrangel. Tare da sojojin bar Sevastopol da Black Sea rundunar jiragen ruwa na karshe. Daga wannan lokacin zai fara Soviet tarihi na birnin. A lokaci guda farfado Red jiragen ruwa. Sake shi ya zama aiki Sevastopol Marine Shuka. Ya za'ayi umarni don gyara da gina jiragen ruwa. Ƙirƙiri more zamani jirãge, tsananta tsaro na birnin daga bakin gaci, gina hadahada da gaci batura.

Sevastopol matsayi a cikin Tarayyar Soviet dawo dasu. A birnin sake zama mafi muhimmanci na sojan ruwa cibiyar, shi ne rayayye da ake gina bayan da devastation na fama. A 1926, da Fine Arts Museum da Drama wasan kwaikwayo da aka bude. A cikin kusanci da birni kafa ruwan inabi gonaki. A wannan lokaci, birnin da aka sanaki game da mutum ɗari da dubu mutane (idan ka hada da matuƙan).

Har yanzu, yaki ...

Riga da-kafa m rayuwa na gari da aka katse a farkon na Great Patriotic War. Ashirin da biyu a cikin watan Yuni 1941 da mazauna Sevastopol gan hudu maƙiyi jirgin sama, tashi a wani m sama. Yana fara da safe tare da 3.15 goma sha biyar minti jinkiri. Kowane jirgin sama guda biyu kasa da halin maganaɗisu mahakar don toshe da fita daga birnin harbor. Black Sea rundunar sojojin amsa tare da manyan bindigogi wuta na abokan gaba. An hour baya da jama'ar kasar Commissar na Navy Black Sea rundunar Kuznetsov ya umarci bayyana sarrafawa shiri mai lamba daya. A sakamakon da tunaninsa na abokan gaba da shirin zuwa cikakken mined daga cikin bay da kuma halakar da An katange tasoshin da aka takaici. Kawai uku daga cikin takwas da mahakar kika aika fadi a kan Fairway.

A Jamus umurnin yanke shawarar kai farmaki Sevastopol sake. City taswirar da shawara cewa, za a yi wannan ko da jirgin daga bakin gaci. Farkisanci sojojin nasara wajen watse ta hanyar da Crimea a watan Satumba da arba'in da daya. 29 ga Oktoba, da kewaye birnin da yaƙi, da kuma gobe da Jamus sojojin kokarin kama shi. Da farko ya gana da abokan gaba da hamsin da huɗu baturi na Black Sea jiragen ruwa. Ta bugi goma sha ɗaya motorized shafi umarta ta Janar von Manstein. Kusan a lokaci guda ya koma Marine Corps sojojin gaggawa kafa na matuƙan, daga jirgi da cadets na sojan ruwa Academy. Yana fara a gaske jaruntakar tsaro na birnin. Yana dade na biyu kwana ɗari da hamsin. Soviet sojojin msa da matsa lamba na abokan gaba, kuma sun ba kayen ƙasarsu.

Bayan wannan gazawar da Jamusanci High umurnin gudanar uku mafi yunkurin daukar birnin da Nuwamba 11, da kuma 17 Disamba arba'in da farko da arba'in da biyu Yuni 7th shekara.

Shasenem - Faransa tarihi - ya lasafta cewa a cikin past ashirin da biyar kwana na 250-rana, yaƙi ya kewaye ta Sevastopol a kan Jamusawa da aka kika aika a matsayin mai yawa da bama-bamai a matsayin Ingila zuwa Jamus domin shekaru biyu na tashin.

Bayan da shan kashi na Crimean gaban Nazis sun iya yanke duk waterways na Caucasus da kuma Sevastopol. Saboda haka, kewaye birnin da aka bar ba tare da abinci. Fadace-fadace don Sevastopol kasance a gabãninsu ta huxu na Yuli, da kuma a wasu yankunan - zuwa goma sha biyu, ko da a gaban Soviet sojojin ba a zo ga ƙarshe ammonium. Game da dubu saba'in da jami'an sojoji da matuƙan aka kama saboda su iya ba fice.

Sevastopol tsaro da undeniable siyasa da kuma soja muhimmancin a lokacin Great Patriotic War. Abin da aka yi wa jaruntakar mayakan? Su katange babban adadin Romanian da kuma Jamus sojojin, upsetting da tsare-tsaren da farkisanci umurninSa. The m "spring m" na Jamusawa da aka lalace, ciki har da godiya ga ƙarfin hali na Sevastopol. Su da baƙin ƙarfe daukan hotuna kai ga cewa Jamus sha wahala m adam da kuma kayan asarar (na farko watanni takwas na kewaye da aka hallaka hudu maƙiyi tankuna, tara da jirgin sama, da yawa na fama da bindigogi, da ɗari uku da dubu sojoji da suka ji rauni ko aka kashe). Bugu da kari, makiyan ci a cikin taki da kuma lokaci.

A watan Afrilu, su arba'in da hudu ya fara aiwatar da kwata 'yanci na Sevastopol. Afrilu goma sha biyar na ci-gaba da wani ɓangare na 4th Ukrainian Front gudanar a samu ga tsaron gida Lines daga cikin birnin. Sapun Mountain, wanda ya zama wani wuri na key Jamus tsaro matsayin aka dauka bakwai da sojoji a kan May 51 da kuma Maritime sojojin. Tara May 1944 karshe an saki a cikin birnin. A Cape Chersonese, Soviet sojojin kama saurã daga cikin Nazi sojojin.

Tun May 1965 Sevastopol - Hero City. Tarihi ya nuna cewa shi ne, ba don kome ba ya da matsayi na wata babbar USAID na kasar abu.

dawo da

The yaki ya ƙare, amma ba duk gwaje-gwaje sun shige ta cikin birni ta yawan. Sevastopol da za a mayar. Wannan bukata dubban ma'aikata. A lokacin fadan da aka kusan gaba daya hallaka Sevastopol. Hotuna birni a lokacin cusa cikin tsoro: mafi kyau wuri faduwa a kufai. Masana sun kiyasta cewa lalacewar lalacewa ta hanyar da Nazis, ya biyu da rabi biliyan rubles! A birni ne gaba daya rasa sadarwa, sufuri, sadarwa tsarin. Bugu da ƙari, casa'in cikin dari na Apartment tubalan kasance halakakku. Yana zafi dubi Sevastopol. Photos of birnin za su kasance har abada damuwa abin tunawa ga yaki da kisan-kiyashi.

Bayan nasara a kan abokan gaba fara babu kasa wuya mataki na maida. A birnin a lokacin tsira kawai dubu uku fararen hula. Sama da shi da aka tattauna dalilin da ya sa matsayi na musamman na Sevastopol. Aka ba da wannan bayani, ya bayyana shawarar da Tarayyar Soviet gwamnati domin sake gina birnin na farko.

A marigayi hamsin, fara aiki a kan samuwar makaman nukiliya-makami mai linzami Navy. New aukuwa a cikin Sphere na makami mai linzami gwada a tekun Black Sea. Tun daga nan, da tekun Black Sea jiragen ruwa da kuma hidimar da United Armed Forces da Tarayyar Soviet su samu nasarar yi adawa da wani tsokana, kuma ba kawai daga Turkish Coast, amma kuma a cikin yankin gabas ta tsakiya, da kuma Bahar Rum.

Me da matsayi na musamman na Sevastopol? Bayan da yaki, birnin ya kuma zama mafi girma a masana'antu cibiyar. Saboda haka, shi ne rayayye tasowa da kama kifi da kifi-aiki masana'antu. Bisa ga kayan aiki-yin "Monsoon" The shuka samar da fadi da kewayon radios kuma kewayawa na'urorin. marine kwararru na shuka gina da kuma gyara farar hula da kuma soja jiragen ruwa.

janar bayanai

Twin Cities Sevastopol - Kronstadt, St. Petersburg, Smolensk, Moscow, Kerch, Istanbul, kuma Minsk. Wannan jerin aka sabunta daga lokaci zuwa lokaci. Yuni ne bikin a shekara ta goma sha huɗu rana na gari. Sevastopol mai cike da music, runduna da dama bukukuwa, nune-nunen da kide. Bikin suna gudanar da makonni biyu.

A birni ya sadaukar da halittar sanannen singer Alexander Marshall. "Great Rasha birnin Sevastopol" - song ne wani unofficial take. Yana iya sau da yawa a iya ji a City Day bikin.

Sevastopol - rufaffiyar birni daga 1939 zuwa 1959-th shekara. Domin shekaru ashirin, a ƙofar daga Yalta da kuma Simferopol da musamman Kwamandan ta sabis matsayi.

A watan Agusta 1991, Crimea da Sevastopol (matuƙan birni) mayar da su cikin sabuwar shelar zaman kanta jamhuriyar - Ukraine. A Rasha rundunar motoci ya iya zama a cikin birni ne kawai a kan tushe na sojan ruwa haya.

A watan Maris 2014 da m Jamhuriyar Crimea aka zayyana matsayi na musamman a cikin wannan tarko na Sevastopol. Wannan ya yiwu ne da kasa da kuri'ar raba gardama da aka gudanar a jiya. Bayan wani roko da Rasha Federation a kan Accession na Jamhuriyar Crimea Crimean 'yan majalisar dokokin babbar hanyar yarjejeniyar da aka tsara a cikin Rasha Federation. Ashirin-farko ranar Maris, da daftarin aiki da aka ƙulla da shugaban kasar na Rasha Federation.

Kamar yadda ka gani, ko da wani taƙaitaccen tarihin Sevastopol kimanta tarihi muhimmancin birnin.