Mene ne wani semiconductor? juriya semiconductor

Mene ne wani semiconductor abu? Menene fasali? Mene ne kimiyyar lissafi na semiconductors? Kamar yadda suke gina? Mene ne watsin na semiconductors? Menene jiki sifofi da suka mallaka?

Menene kira semiconductors?

Yana nufin crystalline kayan da ba su gudanar da wutar lantarki don haka da kyau, kamar yadda aikata karafa. Amma duk da haka wannan adadi ne mafi alhẽri daga masu insulators. Wadannan halaye su ne saboda da yawan mobile dako. Idan muka yi la'akari da, a general, akwai wani karfi da aka makala ga nuclei. Duk da haka, a lokacin da gudanar a wani shugaba da dama kwayoyin halitta, misali, antimony, wanda yana da wani wuce haddi na electrons, wannan matsayin da za a gyara. Lokacin amfani indium shirya abubuwa tare da wani m cajin. Duk wadannan kaddarorin ana amfani da ko'ina a transistors - musamman na'urorin, wanda zai iya bunkasa, block ko wuce a halin yanzu a daya shugabanci kawai. Idan muka yi la'akari da NPN-type kashi, shi za a iya lura da yawa Qarfafa rawar da yake da muhimmanci musamman a cikin riwayar rauni sakonni.

Design fasali wanda da electrically Semi-conductors

Conductors da yawa free electrons. Insulators sun kasance wuya mallaka. Semiconductors da kuma dauke da wani adadin free electrons da ya wuce tare da wani m cajin, wanda suna shirye su yarda da liberated barbashi. Kuma mafi muhimmanci - su duka kwashe da lantarki. Dauke baya NPN-type transistor - ba zai yiwu guda semiconductor kashi. Saboda haka, akwai fiye da PNP-transistors da diodes.

Idan muka magana game da karshe takaice, shi ne wani kashi cewa zai iya aika sakonni a daya shugabanci kawai. Har ila yau, diode iya maida AC zuwa DC. Mene ne inji wannan canji? Kuma me ya sa shi motsa a daya shugabanci kawai? Ko da kuwa inda akwai wani halin yanzu, electrons da gibba may ko watsa, ko a je gaba. A cikin farko idan saboda da ya karu nesa feed wadata aka katse, sabili da haka suna daukar kwayar cutar dako korau ƙarfin lantarki a daya kawai shugabanci, Ina nufin watsin na semiconductors ne unilateral. Bayan duk, yanzu za a iya daukar kwayar cutar ne kawai idan bijiro da batun kafa barbashi ne kusa da. Kuma wannan shi ne zai yiwu ne kawai idan na yanzu wadata a hannu daya. Waɗannan su ne iri na semiconductors wanzu da kuma ake amfani da shi a wannan lokacin.

band tsarin

Lantarki da na gani Properties na conductors hade da cewa, a lokacin da ciko da makamashi matakan da electrons rabu da zai yiwu a jihohin da bandgap. Mene ne ta siffofin? Gaskiyar cewa akwai wani bandgap makamashi matakan. Tare da impurities da kuma tsarin lahani shi za a iya canja. Higher cikakken band ake kira valence. Biye da wani ƙuduri, amma komai. Shi ne ake kira da madugu band. Physics na semiconductors - mai matukar ban sha'awa da topic, da kuma a cikin tsarin na labarin shi ne da an rufe.

Jihar na da electrons

Yana amfani Concepts kamar yawan yarda band da kusan-lokacinta. A tsarin da aka ƙaddara da farko watsawa. Ya ce, da a kan shi rinjayar da makamashi dogara da quasimomentum. Saboda haka, idan valence band ne gaba daya cika da electrons (wanda gudanar da wani cajin a semiconductor), muka ce cewa akwai wani na farko excitations. Idan saboda wasu dalilai, da barbashi ba, wannan yana nufin cewa akwai wata gaskiya ma cajin quasiparticle - wuce ko rami. Su ne cajin yan dako a semiconductors a valence band.

degenerate zone

A valence band a wani hali shugaba ne sixfold degenerate. Wannan ne ban da juya-kewayewa hulda da kawai a lokacin da crystal lokacinta ne sifili. Yana za a iya cleaved karkashin wannan yanayin ga ninki biyu, kuma fourfold degenerate band. A samar da makamashi jerawa tsakanin su ne ake kira da samar da makamashi na juya-kewayewa tsagawa.

Impurities da lahani a semiconductors

Suna iya zama electrically m ko aiki. Amfani da farko ba ka damar samun a semiconductors tabbatacce ko korau cajin, wanda za a iya biya diyya fitowan na da wani rami a valence band ko wani electron a madugu band. M impurities ne tsaka tsaki, da kuma suna da mun gwada kadan tasiri a kan lantarki Properties. Haka kuma, shi zai iya zama sau da yawa na da muhimmancin ne valence na wanda da kwayoyin halitta wadda dauki bangare a cikin cajin canja wurin tsari, da kuma tsarin da crystal raga.

Dangane da irin da kuma adadin impurities iya canza da kuma rabo tsakanin yawan ramukan da kuma electrons. Saboda haka, semiconductor kayan kamata ko da yaushe a zaba a hankali don cimma da ake so sakamakon. Wannan ne wadda ta gabãta daga babban adadin lissafin, kuma baya cikin gwaje-gwajen. Barbashi cewa mafi kira rinjaye dako, suna marasa rinjaye.

Dosed gabatarwar impurities cikin semiconductor na'urar damar samu da ake so Properties. Lahani a Semiconductors iya zama m ko aiki da lantarki yanayin. Muhimmanci a nan shi ne sāke wuri, interstitial zarra da wani gurbi. Liquid da noncrystalline conductors amsa impurities daban fiye crystalline. A rashin wani m tsarin ƙarshe results a cikin abin da suka zuga zarra yakan mallaki wani daban-daban valence. Yana zai zama daban-daban daga daya da wanda ya kasance mai ban mamaki imbues su tsakaninsu. Atom zama marasa amfani baki ɗaya ba ko haɗa da electron. A irin wannan yanayi, shi ya zama m kuma, sabili da haka, a hankali ahankali semiconductors da mafi chances na gazawar. Wannan take kaiwa zuwa gaskiyar cewa ba shi yiwuwa a canja watsin irin ta hanyar doping kuma don ƙirƙirar, misali, p-n-maha? Ar.

Wasu amorphous semiconductors iya canza su lantarki Properties ƙarƙashin rinjayar doping. Amma shi ya bi da su zuwa ga mai yawa karami har fiye da zuwa crystalline. Ƙima zuwa doping amorphous abubuwa za a iya inganta hanyar sarrafa. Qarshe, ya kamata a ambata cewa saboda da dogon wuya da kuma aiki a hankali ahankali semiconductors duk da haka ya gabatar da wani yawan halaye tare da sakamako mai kyau.

Statistics na electrons a semiconductor

Lokacin da akwai wani thermodynamic ma'auni, da yawan ramukan da kuma electrons da aka kaddara na musamman da yawan zafin jiki na band tsarin sigogi da taro na electrically aiki impurities. Lokacin da rabo da aka lasafta, an yi imani da cewa wasu daga cikin barbashi zai kasance a cikin madugu band (a cikin karbar ko bayarwa matakin). An kuma dauki la'akari da cewa bangaren da zai iya barin yankin ƙasar da valence, kuma akwai suna kafa gibba.

watsin

A semiconductors, kuma electrons matsayin cajin yan dako iya yi da ions. Amma su lantarki watsin a mafi yawan lokuta negligible. The kawai ionic superprovodniki iya haifar da wani togiya. A semiconductors ne uku main electron canja wurin inji:

1. Babban zone. A wannan yanayin, da electrons a tashin saboda da canji na samar da makamashi a cikin wani halatta yankin.
2. Hopping kai na sarrafa jihohi.
3. Polaron.

exciton

A rami da electron iya samar da wata mamaye jihar. Shi ne ake kira Wannier-Mott. A wannan yanayin da photon makamashi, wanda yayi dace da wani sha gefen dama a kan girma na hada guda biyu ƙuduri. Tare da isasshen tsanani da haske a semiconductors iya samar da wani gagarumin adadin excitons. Tare da karuwa a cikin taro cunkoso da kuma siffar electron-rami ruwa.

A surface na semiconductor

Wadannan kalmomi sun nuna dama atomic yadudduka, wanda ake dake kusa da iyaka da na'urar. Surface Properties daban-daban daga cikin girma. A gaban wadannan yadudduka karya translational fasali na ƙarau. Wannan take kaiwa zuwa da ake kira surface jihohin da polaritons. Developing jigo na karshen, ya zama mafi gaya da kuma game da juya da vibrational tãguwar ruwa. Saboda da sinadaran aiki boye microscopic surface Layer waje na kwayoyin ko kwayoyin zarra da cewa an adsorbed daga yanayi. Sun kuma ƙayyade da kaddarorin na 'yan yadudduka atomic. Abin farin, halittar matsananci-high injin da fasaha, a cikin abin da suke semiconductor aka gyara, damar zuwa samu da kuma kula da ga dama hours, tsabta surface, wanda gaskiya ma rinjayar ingancin da kayayyakin.

Semiconductor. Zazzabi rinjayar da juriya

Lokacin da yawan zafin jiki na karfe ƙaruwa, da kuma ƙara musu juriya. Tare da semiconductors, kishiyar gaskiya ne - karkashin wannan yanayi, wannan zabin za su ragu. Batun nan ne cewa lantarki watsin a wani abu (da wannan halayyar inversely na gwargwado ga juriya) ya dogara ko cajin halin yanzu dako ne, a kan gudun motsi a cikin lantarki filin, da kuma na lamba a naúrar girma na kayan.

A semiconductor abubuwa qara matsayin da yawan zafin jiki qara taro na barbashi, game da shi kara da thermal watsin da juriya rage-rage. Za ka iya duba wannan a gaban sauki sa matasa likita da zama dole abu - silicon ko germanium, kuma za a iya dauka, kuma Ya sanya daga wani semiconductor su. An karuwa a yawan zafin jiki zai rage da juriya. Don tabbatar da wannan, kana bukatar ka Stock sama a kan aunawa kida da cewa za su ga duk canje-canje. Wannan shi ne kullum al'amarin. Bari mu dubi kamar wata takamaiman embodiments.

Juriya da kuma electrostatic ionization

Wannan shi ne saboda ta murhu na electrons wucewa ta sosai kunkuntar shamaki wanda ya samar da kimanin daya bisa ɗari na micrometer. An ayi tsakanin gefuna da makamashi makada. Its bayyanar shi ne kawai zai yiwu a lokacin da lankwasawa makamashi makada, wanda ya auku ne kawai a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da wani karfi lantarki filin. Da zarar ta murhu auku (cewa shi ne mai jimla inji sakamako), da electrons ratsa cikin m shamaki ne kunkuntar, kuma shi ba ya canja abin da makamashi. Wannan entails da karuwa a cikin taro na cajin yan dako, kuma a duka bangarori: da madugu kuma valence. Idan tsari ne wajen samar da electrostatic ionization, akwai iya zama wani rashin lafiya na semiconductor rami. A wannan tsari zai canja da juriya na semiconductor. Shi ne reversible, kuma da zaran lantarki filin da aka kashe, duk da matakai ake mayar.

Juriya da kuma tasiri ionization

A wannan yanayin, da ramukan da electrons an kara har gwada free hanya a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da wani karfi lantarki filin da dabi'u da taimakawa wajen ionization na sunadaran da katsewa na daya daga cikin covalent shaidu (primary ko najasa zarra). Impact ionization auku kamar ambaliyar ruwa da ta ambaliyar ruwa ninka cajin yan dako. Kamar wancan ne da sabuwar halitta ramukan da kuma electrons kara da wutar lantarki yanzu. A halin yanzu darajar a karshe sakamakon da aka yawaita da wani coefficient na tasiri ionization, wanda shi ne adadin electron-rami da nau'i-nau'i cewa an kafa a kan daya daga cikin cajin m hanya rabi. A ci gaba da wannan tsari ƙarshe take kaiwa zuwa semiconductor ambaliyar ruwa fashewa. Da juriya da semiconductors ne ma canza, amma, kamar yadda a cikin hali na rashin lafiya rami, reversible.

A amfani da semiconductors a yi

A musamman muhimmancin wadannan abubuwa ya kamata a lura a kwamfuta fasaha. Kusan babu shakka cewa ku ba za ku yi sha'awar a cikin tambaya na abin da yake cikin semiconductors, idan ba da marmarin da kansa ta da batun tare da su yi amfani da. Ba shi yiwuwa su yi tunanin da aikin na zamani refrigerators, tilbijin, kwamfuta zaune a yanki ba tare da semiconductors. Ba za a iya yi ba tare da su, kuma ci-gaba na mota aikin injiniya. Suna kuma amfani da jiragen sama da sarari fasaha. Fahimci abin da semiconductors ne, yadda yake da muhimmanci su ne? Hakika, ba za mu iya cewa shi ne kawai da muhimmanci abubuwa na mu wayewa, amma kuma rashin sanin cikakken farashi su ba shi daraja.

A amfani da semiconductors a yi, saboda mafi kuma da dama dalilai, daga gare su, da tartsatsi na kayan daga wanda an yi su ne, da kuma sauƙi na aiki kuma su sami ake so sakamakon, da sauran fasaha fasali cewa yin zabi na da masana kimiyya suka yi aiki a kan kayan lantarki, tsaya su.

ƙarshe

Mun yi nazarin a daki-daki, abin da semiconductors, yadda suke aiki. Dalili na da juriya aza hadaddun jiki da kuma sinadaran tafiyar matakai. Kuma za ka iya lura cewa facts ba ba kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Mataki na ashirin da cikakken fahimci cewa irin semiconductors, domin sauki dalilin cewa kimiyya ta ba ko da karatu da peculiarities aikinsu zuwa karshen. Amma mu sani su na asali dũkiyarsu da kuma halaye, wanda ƙyale mu mu sa su a cikin yi. Saboda haka, za ka iya nemo kayan da semiconductors gwaji tare da su, da hankali. Wa ya sani, watakila a ka yi gyangyaɗi mai bincike?!