MHK - yana da ... World art al'adu. MHK: Renaissance

Yana da wuya a saba da yadda taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin art na wani lokaci. Hukunci da kanka: a cikin darussan da na tarihi a cikin makaranta bayan kowane topic sadaukar da binciken na siyasa da tattalin arziki halin da ake ciki a duniya a kowace lokaci lokaci, dalibai suna karfafa shirya rahotanni a kan ma'adanin na wannan zamanin.

Har ila yau a cikin makaranta hanya na wani gwada da kwanan nan lokaci akwai irin wannan abu a matsayin MCC. Yana da cikakken daidaituwa ba, saboda wani aikin na art ne daya daga cikin haske tunani na sau a cikin abin da aka halitta, kuma ba ka damar duba a tarihin duniya ta hanyar da idanu na Mahalicci, wanda ya ba da shi zuwa ga samfurin rayuwa.

definition na al'ada

Duniya al'ada, ko rage tsawon MCC - wani irin jama'a al'ada, wanda dogara ne a kan alama da kuma m haifuwa na al'umma da kuma mutanen, kazalika da rai ko maras rai yanayi ta hanyar da nufin amfani da sana'a art da kuma jama'a da al'adunsu. Shi ne kuma mamaki da kuma matakai na gudanar da ibada, halittawa ne, gudamawar da Mastering abu abubuwa da ayyukan art cewa suna da ado darajar. Duniya Art hada da zane-zane, sculptures, gine-gine da al'adunmu da kuma Monuments na zane-zane da kuma crafts, kazalika da bambancin da mutane kuma Ya halitta, mutum mambobin ayyukansu.

Da muhimmancin Hukumar MCC a matsayin ilimi batu

A lokacin binciken hanya na duniya da al'adun shi aka bayar a matsayin wani m hadewa da kuma fahimtar al'adun sadarwar da fari da abubuwan tarihin da na kowane lokaci lokaci, kazalika da zaman takewar kimiyya.

Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, duniya al'ada ta yalwaci dukan m aiki da cewa yana da kullum tsunduma mutane. Wannan adabi, wasan kwaikwayo, music, na gani zane-zane. Mun yi nazarin duk matakai alaka biyu da halittar kuma da ajiya, da kuma yaduwa, da halitta da kimantawa na al'adu. Ba kasance a yayin da kuma matsalolin da alaka da arziki na kara al'adu rayuwa na al'umma kuma horo a jami'o'i ayi kasafi da m kwararru.

A matsayin batu na Hukumar MCC - wannan roko ga dukan m al'ada maimakon da mutum jinsunan.

Wannan mas'ala ta al'adu epoch

Al'adu epoch ko al'adu yayi wani hadadden multifactorial sabon abu, dauke da siffar wani mutum a matsayin mai rai, a kuma wani lokaci, kuma dauke da fitar da ayyuka, da kuma na al'umma da mutane da wannan rayuwa, da rayuwa da yanayi da kuma tunanin, da darajar tsarin.

Al'adu paradigms maye gurbin juna a sakamakon wata irin halitta da kuma al'adu selection da hulda na gargajiya da kuma m aka gyara, wanda daukawa art. Hukumar MCC a matsayin hanya ta kafa da kanta manufar binciken da wadannan matakai.

Mene ne Renaissance

Daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci lokaci a cikin ci gaban al'adu ne da Renaissance, ko Tarurrukan, da mulki wanda ya XIII-XVI ƙarni. kuma shi alama farkon New Lokaci zamanin. Hõre mafi girma har da ikon yinsa, daga art.

Bayan wani lokaci na ƙi a tsakiyar zamanai art blooms da kuma rayar da tsoho m hikima. Sai a wannan lokaci, a gabar "Tarurrukan" da aka yi amfani da Rinascita, da Italiyanci kalma, daga baya akwai yawa takwarorinsu a harsunan Turai, ciki har da Faransa Renaissance. All m halitta, da farko na gani art, zama a duniya "da harshen" cewa ba ka damar sanin asiran da yanayi da kuma kusa da shi. Jagora Ya sãke hali ba sabani, amma o ƙarin a kalla naturalness, kokarin wuce Koli. Ya fara ci gaban da saba mana a ji da kyau, da kimiyyar yanayin halitta kuma da sanin Allah duk lokacin samun manufa daya. A lokacin da Renaissance, kuma ma'adanin zama cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, da kuma haikalin.

periodization

Revival ne zuwa kashi da dama lokaci lokaci. A Italiya - a cikin Renaissance gida - da dama lokuta da aka gano, wanda sun dade da aka yi amfani da duniya. Yana Protorenessans (1260-1320 gg.), Sunny kunshe a cikin lokaci duecento (XIII c.). Bugu da kari, akwai lokuta trecento (XIV c.) Quatrocento (XV c.) Cinquecento (XVI c.).

A mafi janar periodization raba zamanin a kan Early Renaissance (XIV-XV ƙarni.). A wannan lokaci, akwai wani hulda da sabon yayi tare da gothic, wanda aka ir} iro sāke. Bugu da ari, akwai lokaci na tsakiya, ko High, kuma Late Renaissance, musamman wuri cewa biya Mannerism, halin da rikicin na Renaissance humanist al'adu.

Har ila yau, a} asashe irin su Faransa da Netherlands, ɓullo da ake kira Arewa Renaissance, inda wata babbar rawa da marigayi Gothic. Kamar yadda tarihi na Hukumar MCC ce Tarurrukan da aka nuna a Gabashin Turai: Jamhuriyar Czech, Poland, Hungary, da kuma Scandinavian kasashen. Spain, da Birtaniya da kuma Portugal sun zama kafa a kasashen da su na asali Renaissance al'adu.

Da ilimin falsafa da kuma addini da aka gyara na Renaissance

Ta hanyar tunani irin wakilan falsafa na wannan lokaci, kamar Giordano Bruno, Nikolay Kuzansky, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Paracelsus, zama dacewa a cikin MCC jigo na ruhaniya kerawa, kazalika da gwagwarmayar da hakkin ya kira mutum "na biyu bautãwa" kuma aboki maza tare da shi.

Relevant, kamar yadda a dukan lokaci kuma, matsalar na sani da kuma ainihi, imani da Allah da kuma wani iko mafi. Dauki wuri a matsayin sassaucin ra'ayi, matsakaici, da kuma karkata ra'ayoyi a kan wannan tambaya.

Man fuskantar wani zabi, da kuma Church of cewa lokaci, da gyara shafi Renaissance ba kawai a cikin Hukumar ta MCC. Shi ne kuma Tarurrukan na mutum dabi'un, karbe ta hanyar wasanni shugabannin duk addini addinai, daga cikin wadanda suka kafa canji ga Jesuits.

Babban aiki na zamanin. A 'yan kalmomi game humanism

A sahun gaba a lokacin Renaissance sanya ilimi da sabon mutum. The Latin kalma na humanitas, daga abin da ya zo da kalmar "humanism" yana da misãlin Girkanci kalmar "ilimi".

Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na Renaissance humanism karfafa wani mutum don tabbatar da cewa mallaki muhimmanci ga lokaci na zamanin d hikima da samun wata hanya ta kai-da ilmi da kuma kai-kyautata. Ga akwai wani Fusion na sosai mafi kyau mu iya bayar da wasu lokuta sun bar su da alãmarsu a Hukumar ta MCC. Renaissance dauki zamanin d al'adunmu na tsufa, addini da kuma wadanda mutane na da code na girmamawa, da kuma m makamashi da mutum ke tunani na New Age, da samar da wani sabon gaba daya da kuma ga alama m irin ganewarsu.

Renaissance a daban-daban duniyoyin na mutum m aiki

A wannan lokacin, kawayeniya zane-zane naturopodobnye maye gurbin gumaka, zama da cibiyar da bidi'a. Rayayye rubuta shimfidar wurare, gida zanen, hoto. Rarraba buga engraving a karfe da kuma itace. Aiki artists almara zama mai zaman kanta irin kerawa. Hoto kawayeniya halitta ba a monumental zanen.

A gine a ƙarƙashin rinjayar so gine-ginen ra'ayin centric rare ne na gwargwado ga haikalin, manyan gine-gine was, yin girmamawa a cikin ƙasa, centric fuskar-shirya horizontals.

Renaissance adabi halin da soyayya na Latin matsayin harshen ilimi mutane, gefe da gefe da kasa da kasa da vernacular harsuna. Zama m nau'o'i kamar picaresque labari da birane labari, jaruntakar waqe da kuma litattafan da na da knightly kasada-theme, satire, pastoral da soyayya waqe. A ganiya da shahararsa daga cikin wasan kwaikwayo sinimomi sa a kan plays tare da yalwa da birni holidays, kuma lush kotu wutar, zama wani samfurin ga m kira na daban-daban art siffofin.

The music ne yawan m m polyphony. Wahala da abun da ke ciki, da bayyanar da farko siffofin Sonatas, kamara, babban dakuna, da kuma oratory overture. Wadanda mutane music ne kusa da almara, shi ne a kan daidai da addini. Akwai rabuwa na karaoke music a matsayin mai raba jinsunan, da kuma zamanin da ganiya - halittar cikakken fledged solo songs, operas da oratorios. A wurin da haikali na opera zo, suka daukan wurin m al'ada cibiyar.

A general, wata babbar nasara ta zama abin da aka sau daya a na da a sakaya sunansa ya maye gurbin ta mutum, marubucin kerawa. A wannan batun, duniya al'ada motsa zuwa wani sabon mataki.

Renaissance Titans

Ba abin mamaki ba cewa irin wannan muhimman hakkokin Tarurrukan na art ne ainihin daga toka ba su iya su wuri ba tare da mutanen da suka haifar da su halittun wani sabon al'adu. Daga baya, da suka fara da za a kira shi "Titans" ga taimako da suka yi.

Protorenessans wakilta Giotto, kuma a lokacin Quatrocento tsayayya wa juna na gaskiya tsananin Mazachcho da gaske lyrical aikin Botticelli da Angelico.

Average, ko Maɗaukaki, Mai Renaissance wakilta Raphael, Michelangelo kuma ba shakka Leonardo Vinci - da artists cewa sun zama wurin hutawa a nuna na New Age.

Shahararren Renaissance m Bramante fara, Brunelleschi da Palladio. Brueghel da Dattijon, Van Eyck da Bosch - Dutch painters na Renaissance. Holbein da Matasa, Dürer, Cranach da Dattijon ya zama cikin wadanda suka kafa na Jamus Renaissance.

A adabi na wannan lokaci tuna sunayen irin masterov- "Titans" kamar yadda Shakespeare, Petrarch, Cervantes, Rabelais, ya ba da duniya da lyrics, romance, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma wanda ya yi wani taimako zuwa ga samuwar da wallafe-wallafen harsuna na kasashen.

Lalle ne shĩ, Renaissance ya bayar da gudunmawar ga ci gaban yankunan da yawa daga art, kuma ya ba impetus ga halittar sababbi. Shi ba a san abin da zai zama da tarihi na duniya al'ada, idan ba lokaci. Zai yiwu gargajiya art a yau ba za su yi sa da irin wannan ni'ima, mafi inda ake nufi a adabi, music, kuma art ba za wanzu ba. Ko watakila duk abin da muka kasance munã shirki gargajiya art, zai bayyana, amma har shekaru da yawa ko ma ƙarni daga baya. Abin cikin shakka daga events, tarihi ba ya jure da subjunctive yanayi. Kuma shi ne bayyananne ne kawai da abu daya: ko da a yau mun sha'awan ayyukan wannan lokaci, kuma yana sake tabbatar da da muhimmancin a cikin al'adu rayuwa na al'umma.