Microflora na ruwa. A drop of ruwa a karkashin wani hange. A abun da ke ciki na ruwa

Halitta ruwa ne daidai da yanayin da yawa kwayoyin ninka hanzari, da kuma saboda microflora na ruwa gushe ba abu na hankali na mutum. Yadda maida su riɓaɓɓanya, ya dogara a kan al'amurra da dama. A halitta ruwa ne ko da yaushe narkar da a wasu adadin ma'adinai da kuma Organic abubuwa, wanda bauta a matsayin irin "abinci", godiya ga wanda akwai kuma duk microflora na ruwa. The yawa da kuma ingancin abun da ke ciki mikroobitateley sosai bambancin. Wuya taba ba za mu iya ce cewa wannan ko da ruwa a hanya daya ko wani tushen - tsabta.

artesian ruwa

Key ko artesian ruwa - boye, amma wannan ba ya nufin cewa akwai wani micro-kwayoyin a cikin su. Su da ake daure su yi, kuma su dogara a kan yanayin da kasar gona, gona kuma zurfin da aquifer. A zurfi - da ruwa microflora poorer, amma wannan ba ya nufin cewa shi ne wadanda ba babu.

A mafi muhimmanci adadin kwayoyin samu a al'ada rijiyoyin da suke zurfi isa cewa su ba yayyo surface samu. A can sau da yawa gano da kuma pathogens. A mafi girma ne ƙasa ruwa, ruwan mikloflora aukaka, kuma mafi yawan. Kusan duk ruwa gawarwakin Gated overly salted kamar yadda gishiri da aka adana a karkashin kasa domin daruruwan shekaru. Saboda haka, mafi kafin amfani da ruwa tace.

surface ruwa

Open ruwa, watau surface ruwa - koguna, Lakes, kududdufai, tafkunan, dausayi, da sauransu - da wadanda ba na dindindin sinadaran abun da ke ciki, sabili da haka da abun da ke ciki na microflora akwai samun bambancin. Wannan shi ne saboda kowane drop of ruwa ne najasa da kuma iyali da kuma masana'antu sharar gida ne sau da yawa, da kuma ragowar Rotting tsiren ruwan teku. A nan ana flocking ruwan sama gudana, kawo wani bambancin takaice na gona, zo nan da sharar gida da ruwa factory da kuma ma'aikata samarwa.

Lokaci guda tare da daban-daban inorganic kuma Organic contaminants shan kududdufai, da wata babbar taro na microorganisms, ciki har da pathogens. Ko da fasaha dalilai ruwa da ake amfani, m to Gost 2874-82 (a daya milliliter irin wannan ruwa ya kamata ba zama fiye da dari kwayoyin Kwayoyin da lita - ba fiye da uku sel Escherichia coli.

pathogens

Irin wannan ruwa a karkashin madubin, da bincike da ke sa a yawan causative jamiái na hanji cututtuka cewa dage domin quite a yayin da virulent. Alal misali, a cikin talakawa famfo ruwa, da causative wakili na dysentery mai yiwuwa zuwa ashirin da bakwai kwanaki, typhoid zazzabi - har zuwa casa'in da kwanaki uku, kwalara - to ashirin da takwas. Kuma a cikin kogin ruwa - uku ko sau hudu ba! Typhoid zazzabi barazanar cuta daya ɗari da tamanin kwanaki uku!

Pathogenic microflora na ruwa ne a hankali da sanya idanu, kuma idan akwai wani bukatar ko da ayyana rigakafi - a lokacin da barazana da annobar cutar da cutar. Ko daskarewa yanayin zafi kashe mafi kwayoyin. Daskararre ruwa drop rike 'yan makonni ne quite mai yiwuwa kwayoyin typhus kungiyar, kuma wannan za a iya tabbatar da yin amfani da wani hange.

lambar

Yawan microbes da sifa a bude ruwa ne kai tsaye dogara a kan sinadaran halayen faruwa a can. Very inganta shan ruwa microflora a kusa alƙarya na jihar bakin teku yankunan. A lokuta daban-daban na shekara ta canza abun da ke ciki, da kuma ma akwai wasu dalilai ga wani canji a daya shugabanci ko wata. A cleanest kududdufai dauke da har zuwa tamanin cikin dari na cocci kwayoyin cikin dukan kwayoyin. Sauran ashirin - kagaggun sanda baktenii bessporovye.

Kusa da masana'antu shuke-shuke ko manyan ƙauyuka a wani cubic santimita na kogin ruwa, da yawa daruruwan dubbai da miliyoyin kwayoyin. Ina wayewa shi ne kusan a can - a cikin taiga da dutsen kõguna - da ruwa a karkashin wani microscope nuna kawai daruruwan ko dubban kwayoyin cuta a cikin wannan drop. A m ruwa kwayoyin halitta yafi musamman a kusa da bakin tekun, amma kuma a cikin sama Layer da ruwa a cikin sludge a kasa. Yl - wani gandun daji domin kwayoyin daga wanda asalin fim da aka kafa, saboda abin da mafiya yawa daga cikin hira tafiyar matakai da kuma abubuwa a duk na ruwa kafa microflora halitta ruwaye. Bayan ruwa sosai da kuma bazara ambaliyar ruwa ma ƙara yawan kwayoyin cuta a cikin abin da kududdufai.

"Flowering" tafki

Idan na cikin ruwa kwayoyin fara girma a cikin manyan yawa, shi zai iya sa quite babba lalacewar. Microalgae haifa hanzari, wadda take kaiwa zuwa da ake kira tsari na ruwa Bloom. Ko da irin wannan abu ne ba manyan a sikelin, da organoleptic Properties deteriorate sharply, za a iya kasa lalace tace a ruwa tashoshin, ruwa abun da ke ciki na microflora ba da damar ta zama dauke ruwan.

Musamman cutarwa a manyan tasowa wasu iri blue-kore algae: shi sa matsaloli da yawa daga irreparable asarar da dabbõbin ni'ima da kifi guba mai tsanani adam cututtuka. Tare da "flowering" na ruwa, da yanayi na ci gaban da dama micro-kwayoyin - protozoa, fungi, ƙwayoyin cuta. Dauka tare, duk wannan - da ake dasu plankton. Saboda mutum aiki taka wata rawa ta musamman microflora ruwa ilimin ne daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci yankunan kimiyya.

The mai ruwa-ruwa matsakaici da kuma ta daban

A ingantaccen abun da ke ciki na microflora ne kai tsaye dogara a kan asalin da ruwa da kanta, daga yanayi na microscopic kwayoyin. Akwai sabo ruwa, surface - koguna, kõguna, tabkuna, tafkunan, kududdufai, waxanda suke da halayyar ga abun da ke ciki na microflora. A karkashin kasa, kamar yadda aka ambata riga, dangane da zurfin da yawa da kuma abun da ke ciki na kwayoyin da aka canza. Akwai yanayi ruwa - ruwan sama, snow, kankara, wanda kuma dauke da wasu kwayoyin. Akwai gishiri tabkuna da kuma teku, inda, bi da bi, shi ne muhimmi, a irin wannan yanayi mikloflora.

Ruwa kuma za a iya bambanta da yanayin da amfani - shi yana shan (da gida samar da ruwa ko gundumar, wanda aka dauka daga karkashin kasa kafofin ko daga bude kududdufai ruwa iyo kududdufai, kankara hardware, abinci da kuma kiwon lafiya na musamman da hankali ga kiwon lafiya gefen bukatar ruwa mai guba Su ma, suna classified: ... masana'antu, m, fecal gauraye (sama iri biyu), nauyi da kuma thawed. microflora ruwa mai guba da yaushe sama halitta ruwa.

A yanayin da microflora

Microflora kududdufai raba bisa ga wani ba mai ruwa-ruwa matsakaici cikin kungiyoyin biyu. Wannan nasu - autochthonous da allochthonous na cikin ruwa kwayoyin, watau, fadowa ta samu daga waje. Kullum rayuwa da kuma kiwon waddan a cikin ruwa autochthonous kwayoyin abun da ke ciki reminiscent na kasar gona microflora, jihar bakin teku ko kasa, tare da abin da ruwa ya zo a cikin lamba. Specific ruwa microflora ƙunshi kusan ko da yaushe Proteus Leptospira, iri daban-daban da shi, Micrococcus candicans M. roseus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, kwayoyin aquatilis com uwa ta, Sarcina lutea. Anaerobes a ba ma najasa ruwan wakilta jinsin Clostridium, Chromobacterium violaceum, B. mycoides, Bacillus cereus.

Allochthonous microflora halin gaban tara na microorganisms cewa riƙe aiki comparatively gajeren lokaci. Amma akwai karin tenacious, dogon-da gur ruwa da kuma barazana mutum da dabba kiwon lafiya. Yana pathogens subcutaneous mycoses Clostridium tetani, Bacillus anthracis, wasu jinsunan Clostridium, kwayoyin da suka haddasa anaerobic cututtuka - Shigella, Salmonella, Pseudomonas, Leptospira, Mycobacte-rium, Franciselfa, Brucella, Vibrio, da lizard, da kuma kwayar cutar enteroviruses. Su yawan dabam quite yadu, tun da shi ya dogara da irin tafki, da kakar, da yanayi da kuma digiri na samu.

Tabbatacce kuma korau darajar microflora

A sake zagayowar kwayoyin halitta a cikin yanayi ƙwarai dogara da ayyukan da kwayoyin a cikin ruwa. Su decompose kwayoyin abubuwa na shuka da dabbobi asalin, samar da ikon duk suna zaune a cikin ruwa. Samu na ruwa gawarwakin ne mafi sau da yawa ba a sinadaran, da kuma nazarin halittu.

All surface ruwa kududdufai ne bude wa da ake dasu samu, watau samu. Wadanda microorganisms cewa shigar da jiki na ruwa tare da sharar gida, melted snow, hadari da ruwa, suna iya cika fuska canza kiwon lafiya yanki yanayin saboda ya canza da ake dasu biocenosis. Wadannan su ne manyan hanyoyi na da ake dasu samu daga surface ruwaye.

Abun da ke ciki microflora ruwa mai guba

A microflora na sharar gida da ruwa ya ƙunshi guda mazaunan cewa a cikin Gut na mutane da dabbobi. Sun hada da wakilan biyu al'ada da kuma pathogenic Flora - tularemia pathogens hanji cututtuka, leptospirosis, yersiniosis, hepatitis ƙwayoyin cuta, da cutar shan inna da kuma waɗansu da yawa. Yin iyo a cikin kandami, wasu mutane samun ruwa, yayin da wasu suna kamuwa. Yana kuma na faruwa a lokacin rinsing wanki, wanka dabbobi.

Ko da a cikin pool, inda ruwan da aka magni da kuma tsabtace, sami coliform kwayoyin - coliform, staphylococci, enterococci, Neisseria, spore-kafa, da kuma chromogenic kwayoyin, fungi da daban-daban kwayoyin kamar ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma protozoa. Bacillicarriers hotuna a can, bar baya da wani shigella da Salmonella. Tun ruwa - ba ma m yanayi domin yaduwa pathogens ji dadin yar alamar yiwuwar samun wani babban biotope - wata dabba ko mutum.

Ba haka bad

Tafkunan, kazalika da girma da kuma m Rasha harshen, suna iya tsarkake kansa. Babban hanya - shi ne mai gasa, a lokacin da kunna saprotificheskaya microflora, rubabben kwayoyin halitta da kuma rage yawan kwayoyin cuta (musamman da kyau - fecal asalin). M kwayan jinsunan kunshe a wannan biocenosis, mafi yakar domin su wuri a karkashin hasken rana, da barin baki ba wani inch na sarari.

Ga mafi muhimmanci - da ingantaccen da kuma gwada yawa rabo na germs. Yana da musamman m, da kuma tasirin da daban-daban dalilai ƙwarai shafi matsayi na ruwa. Akwai saprobity muhimmanci - a sa na fasali, wanda yana daya ko wani jikin ruwa, Ina nufin adadin kwayoyin da kuma abun da ke ciki, da maida hankali kwayoyin da inorganic abubuwa. Yawanci, kai-tsaftacewa da ruwa faruwa a jerin da aka taba katse, game da shi a hankali maye gurbinsu da biocenosis. Samu daga surface ruwa suna bambanta a uku amintaccen ingancin. Yana oligosaprobic zone mesosaprobic da polysaprobic.

Shiyyar

Zone nauyi sosai gurbatawa - polysaprobic - kusan ba tare da oxygen, saboda yana daukan wata babbar adadin sauƙi saki kwayoyin halitta. Da ake dasu biocenosis da bi, shi ne manya-manyan, amma da aka iyakance a nau'in abun da ke ciki: suna rayuwa, yafi anaerobic kwayoyin, fungi da actinomycetes. Daya milliliter irin wannan ruwa ya ƙunshi fiye da miliyan kwayoyin.

matsakaici samu zone - mesosaprobic - halin da rinjaye nitriikatsionnyh da hadawan abu da iskar shaka tafiyar matakai. A abun da ke ciki na kwayoyin cutar more bambancin: obligate aerobic nitrifying kwayoyin sa up masu rinjaye, amma da gaban Candida jinsunan, Streptomyces, Flavobacterium, Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas , Clostridium da sauransu. Daya milliliter wannan ruwa ne ba miliyoyi, kuma wasu dubban daruruwan micro-kwayoyin.

da ruwa mai tsarkakẽwa zone aka kira oligosaprobic da halayyar da ta sauke karatu daga kai-tsaftacewa tsari. Akwai wani kananan kwayoyin abun ciki da kuma tsari ne cikakken mineralization. The tsarki na ruwa ne high: shi ne ba a wani milliliter na fiye da dubu micro-kwayoyin. Akwai riga rasa da lamarinsa na duk pathogenic kwayoyin.