Morphemic abun da ke ciki na kalmomi na zamani da kuma tarihi: wani misali. Historical canje-canje a cikin morphemic abun da ke ciki na kalmomi

Morphemic abun da ke ciki na kalmomi a cikin harshen ci gaba ba ko da yaushe zama guda. Historical canje da suka faru a cikin harshen, da shafa sansanonin. Morphemic tsari ya canza a sakamakon wasu matakai, wanda mu tattauna a wannan talifin.

Historical canji kayan yau da kullum

Babban kashi na kalmar samuwar a zamani Rasha harshen shi ne tushen yadda da wanda aka samu da kuma wadanda ba wanda aka samu. Hanyar da samuwar a lokacin da ci gaban da harshen tarihi da aka canza. Kuma ko da morphemic abun da ke ciki na kalmar ya canza a wasu lokuta. A zuciya na da yawa sun rasa ma'anar morpheme. Ga wani misali. A zuciya na West kafin morpheme kalma za- mattered Consoles. A tarihi, shi ya rasa shi. Saboda haka, Mu'assasar ta zama ba wanda aka samu.

Ga cikakken bayani a kan canza abun da ke ciki na morphemic

Ba dole ba ne morphemic abun da ke ciki na kalmar canza hanya na tarihi, kamar yadda a cikin misali a sama. Kawai a cikin 'yan lokuta, za ka iya magana game da shi. A zamani harshe, da yawa kalmomi da mambobi na morpheme a cikin wannan hanya kamar yadda a baya. Amma a yau akwai da yawa misalai a lokacin da suka rasa su dangane da asalin tushen daga wanda aka kafa. Bugu da kari, shi yana iya zama cewa kalmar fara labarta kawai ga wani ɓangare na samar da kwasfansu, da kuma ba gaba ɗaya da shi. Morphemic abun da ke ciki ya canja a cikin wadannan lokuta. Mun gaya maka game da dalilin da akwai irin wannan canji.

Dalilan da canji a cikin morphological tsarin

Na farko, da lexical ma'anonin kayan yau da kullum, da yadda dangantaka da samar da wanda aka samu, suna sauransu. Alal misali, a cikin Rasha harshen yau ba na ginin jumla hulda da kalmomi kamar shirayi (na gidan) da kuma wani reshe (tsuntsu), domin lalle ne su yanzu daban-daban a cikin darajar. Duk da haka, shi da aka lura a cikin Tsohon. Bisa ga wadannan kalmomi ba dace kamar yadda wanda aka samu da kuma samar da.

Wani dalilin da ya sa ya lura da canje-canje a cikin morphemic tsarin - sauti tsarin kalmomi, wanda ba ko da yaushe ya kasance iri guda. Ga wasu misalai. Kalmomi envelop pillowcase, jan, girgije cover - wannan tushen, amma suna da daban-daban morphological tsarin. Kalam sansanonin - envelop (likitan mata Wolak Willow-Th), pillowcase (on-to-ja-a), ya jefa (a portage-a). A girgije da kuma harsashi ya zama ba wanda aka samu, kamar yadda suka canza dalilin sauti hasara "a". Modern da kuma tarihi morphemic abun da ke ciki na kalmomi, don haka a cikin wadannan lokuta ne ba iri daya ba.

Wani dalili - asarar da alaka da kalmomi ko correlative masana'antu sansanonin daga cikin ƙamus. Ga abin da za ka iya kawo a cikin zamani Rasha harshen misalai na ba-wanda aka samu da kwasfansu - da direba, winch shirt. Saboda kamus halin yanzu kika aika correlative Kalam sansanonin (s - tsayawa a kan hanya. Swan - a shaft da ciwon crank rike. Goga - wani yanki na masana'anta).

Modern da kuma tarihi morphemic abun da ke ciki na kalmomi a wasu lokuta ba guda saboda m tsarin da irin tasiri a cikin tsarin kalmomi etymologically ya zama ruwan dare, watau ba m iri. Alal misali, laima ne na kasashen waje asali. A farko da kalmar da aka daidaita matsayin tushen. Duk da haka, a kan lokaci, da misalin da Rasha kalmomi bakinka, wutsiya da dai sauransu Yana fara mambobi tushen zont- (ba wanda aka samu) da kuma kari na baya baki -IR.

Ya lura tarihi canje-canje a cikin morphemic abun da ke ciki na kalmomi a wasu lokuta ake magana a kai da wahala, sake-fadada da kuma simplification tsarin. Mun bayyana kowane daga cikinsu.

simplification

Yana da ake zama a ba wanda aka samu wanda aka samu tushe kalmomi. A wannan yanayin, da karshen hasarar chlenimost a kan morpheme. Simplification taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin harshen. Godiya ga shi, shi da aka wadãtar da tushen ba wanda aka samu kalmomi. A harshen akwai sabon cibiyoyin na kalmar samuwar. Misalai: ... Success - Nasara et al Spekhov-gaggãwa da dai sauransu, ta raira waƙa - cikakke, da dai sauransu. A daya hannun, saboda simplification derivational suffixes cikin wani aji na banza da. A sau akwai kuma kammala su bacewar, wanda kara musanya morphemic tsarin. Misali: a cikin kalmomi na tsohon tushe na farko, na farko irin, wanda, a cikin zamani harshe ne da ba wanda aka samu, ba ware fitar da kari na baya baki -p-. A wannan kari na baya baki ne ragu a cikin kalma ɗan'uwansa.

Dalilan simplification

Mashi simplification kalma mai tushe kunya Red Palace. Suka zama ba wanda aka samu saboda rasa a lokacin amfani meaningfully dangane da wadanda kalmomi daga abin da suka kasance da sau daya kafa. Misalai: kunya - Keen, ja (launi) - kyau na fada - yadi.

Morphemic abun da ke ciki na sassa na magana ya canza saboda da karin lafazi matakai a kan tushen da wadannan kalmomi: motley, filafili, da ya rasu. Sai suka yi hasãrar touch da kayan yau da kullum, daga wanda, da kuma daina ware raba morpheme (m - rubuta wani filafili - don gudanar, marigayin - barci).

A dalilan da cewa kai ga simplification, za a iya aiki a lokaci guda, rarraba. A sakamakon duk wadannan matakai ba su da wannan zamani da kuma tarihi morphemic tsarin. Alal misali, rashin relatedness tsakanin cibiya - da abinci - guba, sauti - da ringing, dangantaka - kulli - Union - harshe - shi ne sakamakon ba kawai kiyaye tsakanin wadannan kalmomi, na ginin jumla rata, amma kuma a sakamakon karin lafazi canje-canje da suka faru a cikin kwasfa.

sake-fadada

Re-bazuwa ne mai redistribution daga cikin mutum a cikin wata kalma morpheme, wadda take kaiwa zuwa gaskiya cewa tushe (sauran wanda aka samu) a cikin abun da ke ciki Highlights wasu morpheme. Alal misali, da dabbobi, da ambato da -part kari na baya baki (ba -skeleton), da yake magana da mai rai kalma-gini sadarwa. Gaskiyar cewa manufofi daga wanda aka kafa (zhivny, tsanani ga ambato), ba su yi amfani da zamani harshe. Kari na baya baki -nost- zuwa ga kari na baya baki -ost- aka samu. Yana ne hade da wadannan biyu suffixes: - n, wanda aka yanke daga tushe na siffa da kuma - kashin baya.

Ilimi na -skeleton wanda aka samu -nost - nuna wani irin tsari da ke tafiya tare da sake fadada a cikin Rasha harshen kayan yau da kullum. Shi ne daya derivation da ake tunawa da wani, ko rushe daya ko wasu daga cikinsu a cikin toho. Alal misali, da zuciyar sanda, za mu iya gane kari na baya baki -lisch-, wanda ya hada da a cikin membobinsu da sauran -l-. Last kari na baya baki nufin da kalmar fished rasa a cikin zamani harshe.

Sake fadada iya zama tsakanin tushen da aka makala. Alal misali, aikatau da aka yi amfani da su cire prefix CH, kuma wadannan shi tushen -ya-. Yau, da wannan kalma da aka raba kamar haka: c-AES (biyar).

Ma'ana reexpansion

A tsari na sake fadada wadãtar da harshen da cewa akwai sabon model na kalmar samuwar affixes da kuma zama wani m lokaci. Mafi sau da yawa, wannan hanya da samuwar sabuwar suffixes: - ochk- (kudin-pts-a), -ink- (kura-Inc.-a), -nost (suna-cinsa). Yawa m iya bayyana Consoles (obez-, nebez-, fahimci), wanda su ne sakamakon wani ci biyu da sauran Consoles (biri-volet, nebez-Darney, a karkashin-view).

misalin

Don sake fadada da kuma simplification na tushe sau da yawa haifar da daban-daban na misalai. By karshen ake nufi da assimilation na siffofin daya kalma samar da wani, a ilimin nahawu related. Godiya mata, sau da yawa batun sauya tarihi morphemic abun da ke ciki na kalmomi. Misalin - wani tsari da ya auku a cikin harshe. Marasa amfani iri ƙiren ƙarya da derivation saboda da aikin kamar misãlin wani irin m siffofin da kalmomi. A lokacin da wannan aka rasa a kan tsohon chlenimost morpheme ko su wanda aka samu hali.

A zamani Rasha harshen da dama siffofin asalin mataki ne mamaye misalin. A musamman, wannan ƙulli sunaye matsakaici da kuma namiji -S, -S, -S (zauna ah, ah-gidan, gidan-s, s-Sat). Sun bayyana a sakamakon irin wannan siffofin mata sunaye (littattafai ni - abincin zabi da kanka am, maimakon tebur-th). A sakamakon haka shi da sake fadada karkashi (maimakon littattafai - littattafai). Yana canza sosai tarihi morphemic tsarin.

Vor- daga tushen kalmar da aka kafa don ya bude. Wannan ya faru ta hanyar wani prefix The zumunta. Wannan kalma da aka hõre rinjayar wani - don ƙirƙirar. A sakamakon haka, kama da bude-haifar da farko harsashin da aka hõre sake fadada. Yana farawa samuwar conceptualized kamar ciwon prefix o-. Saboda haka a cikin harshen da wani sabon kalmar samuwar tushe (idan abin-yi kan-yi, ka yi-jinsi, da sauransu. D.).

wahala

A wasu lokuta, mataki ko aukuwan irin wannan kalmomi cewa suna da alaka da ciwon da ba wanda aka samu akai, take kaiwa zuwa wahala na karshen. Saboda wannan, shi ya zama mai wanda aka samu, watau, shi zai fara zuwa raba.

Tsari rikitarwa gaban tattauna lamba aiwatar simplification. Wannan hira cikin wani wanda aka samu daga cikin tushe, wanda yake a baya ba wanda aka samu. A musamman, kalmar engraving Rasha aro daga harshen Faransanci, conceptualized da farko kamar yadda ba wanda aka samu. Amma sau daya a cikin tsarin harshen mu fito marigayi aro sassaƙa kuma sassaƙa shi "rikitarwa". Wannan kalma ta zama wani wanda aka samu. Yana tsaye grav- tushen da kuma kari na baya baki -ur-. Wannan irin canje-canje da yawa rance kalmomi. Alal misali, sau da kafa, mai Greek da haihuwa, ya kasance baya da wani maras wanda aka samu akai. Duk da haka, saboda gaskiyar cewa harshen da aka alaka ta anarchic, anarchical, Anarchist, da sauransu. Ta fara raba. Kamar wancan ne aka kafa ba wanda aka samu akai anarh- da kari na baya baki s j-.

rufi morpheme

Yana tsaye a waje, kuma da muka ambata a sama mamaki, da kuma danniyan daga morpheme. Yana faruwa a lokacin da wani ɓangare na waɗanda cewa shige guda. Alal misali, shi ne zai yiwu tsakanin substrate da kuma kari na baya baki (Dynamo - Dynamo + tumaki Sverdlovskii - Sverdlovsk + sama). Duk da haka, da danniyan ba zai iya faruwa idan muna magana ne game da tushen da kuma wasan bidiyo (Irtysh, Zaamure).

Duk na sama canje-canje a cikin tsarin da kalma (a wahala, sake-fadada, simplification) ce cewa morphemic abun da ke ciki ya canja a wannan sauye-sauyen tarihi na harshe. Dukkan wadannan canje-canje da aka karatu etymology. Ka ce, a ƙarshe, 'yan kalmomi game da shi.

etymology

Etymology - rukunan asalin daban-daban kalmomi. Su aukuwa za a iya ƙaddara ta hanyar etymological analysis. Yana samar da wata dama don gano tarihi kalma-kafa bond, wanda shi ne asali morphemic tsarin a cikin wannan, ko da kalma, kazalika da dalilan da abin da yake ya halartar canje-canje tun da gabatarwar.