Muhimman bayanai game da tsarin da zarra: halaye da peculiarities na dabara

Atom - shi ne mafi karami barbashi na wani sinadaran abu, wanda yake iya kula da kaddarorin. The kalmar "zarra" da aka samu daga Girkanci «atomos», wanda yake nufin "m". . Dangane da yadda da yawa da kuma irin barbashi ne a cikin zarra, za mu iya sanin ko sinadari.

A takaice game da tsarin da zarra

Yaya za ka iya taƙaice lissafa abubuwan da muhimman bayanai game da tsarin da zarra? An zarra ne a barbashi tare da wani tsakiya suna lallai cajin. Kusa da wannan cibiya an zubar da barnatar da cajin girgijen electrons. Kowane zarra a cikin al'ada jihar ne tsaka tsaki. A size daga cikin barbashi iya gaba daya a ƙaddara da size da electron girgije da na kewaye da da zuciyar.

Kwaya da kanta, bi da bi, kuma ya kunshi karami barbashi - protons da neutrons. Protons aka gaskiya ma da caji. Neutrons ba kawo wani cajin. Duk da haka, da protons da neutrons tare ake hada a cikin guda category da aka sani da nucleons. . Idan kana bukatar muhimman bayanai game da atomic tsarin takaice, wannan bayani zai zama mai iyaka da aka jera data.

A farko bayanai game da zarra

Game da wannan, cewa al'amarin za a iya hada karami barbashi, da ake zargi da tsoho Helenawa. Sun yi imani da cewa dukkan abin da ta wanzu da aka hada da kwayoyin halitta. Duk da haka, irin wannan ra'ayi ne zalla falsafa a cikin yanayi da kuma ba za a iya fassara kimiyya.

A farko muhimman bayanai game da tsarin da zarra an English masanin kimiyya Dzhon Dalton. Yana da kulawa da bincike don gano cewa biyu sinadaran abubuwa iya tafiyar da daban-daban rabo, kuma a cikinta kowane irin hade zai zama wani sabon abu. Alal misali, takwas sassa oxygen abubuwa samar da wani carbonic acid gas. A sassa hudu na oxygen - carbon monoxide.

A 1803, Dalton gano abin da ake kira dokar mahara rabbai a sunadarai. . Ta hanyar kai tsaye ba ma'aunai (tun ba zarra sa'an nan ba za a iya kyan gani, a karkashin sa'an nan microscopes) Daltons ƙarasa da cewa zumunta nauyi na kwayoyin halitta.

bincike Rutherford

Kusan a karni daga baya, da muhimman bayanai game da tsarin kwayoyin halitta aka tabbatar da wani English sunadarai - Ernest Rutherford. The masanin kimiyya samarwa a model na electron harsashi na karami barbashi.

A wannan lokacin, Rutherford ya kira "planetary model na zarra" yana daya daga cikin muhimman matakai da zai iya yi sunadarai. Muhimman bayanai game da atomic tsarin ya nuna cewa shi ne kama da hasken rana tsarin: a kusa da tsakiya a cikin rijiya-tsare falakinsu akwai doguwar electrons barbashi, kamar yadda ka yi da taurari.

Lantarki casing kwayoyin zarra da sunadaran sinadaran abubuwa da dabara

Electron harsashi na kowane zarra ƙunshi daidai kamar yadda da yawa electrons kamar yadda suke protons a tsakiya. Yana haka ne tsaka tsaki zarra. A 1913, wani masanin kimiyya samu da muhimman bayanai game da tsarin da zarra. Niels Bohr ta dabara ya kama da wanda ya Rutherford. Bisa ga ra'ayi, a matsayin electrons a kusa da tsakiya, wanda aka located a cibiyar. Bohr modified Rutherford ka'idar, sanya wani jituwa a cikin facts.

Ko sa'an nan, da dabara na wasu sinadaran abubuwa da aka sanya. Alal misali, Schematic tsarin da nitrogen zarra ne denoted kamar yadda 1s 2s ^{2 2} 2p ^3, a tsarin bayyana ta da dabara na sodium zarra ² 2s 1s ² 2p ⁶ 3s ^1. Ta hanyar wadannan dabarbari za a iya gani, da yawa daga electrons motsi a orbitals kowane wata musamman sinadaran.

Schrödinger model

Amma sa'an nan, wannan atomic model ne m. Muhimman bayanai game da tsarin da zarra, da aka sani zuwa kimiyya a yau, a mutunta mutane da yawa sun zama available godiya ga bincike na Austria likita Schroedinger.

Ya samarwa wani sabon tsarin da tsarin - da kalaman. By cewa lokaci, masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da cewa electron aka bai wa ba kawai da yanayin da barbashi, amma ya mallaka da kaddarorin tãguwar ruwa.

Duk da haka, da Schrödinger model da Rutherford akwai general guzuri. Su kama a ka'idar cewa electrons zama a wasu matakan.

Irin matakan da ake ma kira lantarki yadudduka. Tare da taimakon da matakin da lambar za a iya halin da electron makamashi. A mafi girma da Layer, da karin makamashi ta mallaka. Duk matakan an dauke su daga kasa zuwa sama, don haka da matakin yawan yayi dace da samar da makamashi. Kowace daga cikin yadudduka a cikin electron harsashi na zarra na da sub-matakai. Kamar wancan ne a farko matakin iya zama daya sublayer, na biyu - biyu, da uku - uku, kuma haka a (., Dubi sama dabara lantarki nitrogen da sodium).

Ko karami barbashi

A wannan lokaci, ba shakka, a bayyane ko da karami barbashi fiye da electron, proton da neutron. An sani cewa proton aka yi sama da quarks. Akwai ko da karami barbashi talikai - kamar neutrinos, wanda a size ne sau ɗari fiye da karami mai quark da wani biliyan sau karami fiye da proton.

Neutrino - a barbashi don haka kananan cewa shi septillionov 10 sau kasa da, misali, Tyrannosaurus. Tyrannosaurus kansa a matsayin da yawa sau karami fiye da dukan observable talikai.

Muhimman bayanai game da tsarin da zarra: da radioactivity

An ko da yaushe aka sani cewa babu wani daga cikin sinadaran dauki ba zai iya juya daya kashi cikin wani. Amma a cikin aiwatar da radiation ta faru ne kwatsam.

Radioactivity ne da ikon na atomic nuclei canza zuwa cikin wasu nuclei - more barga. Lokacin da mutane sama da muhimman bayanai game da tsarin da kwayoyin halitta, isotopes, wasu har na iya zama da embodiment na mafarki da na da alchemists.

A kan aiwatar da lalata da isotopes jefarwa da rediyoaktif radiation. A karo na farko da irin wannan sabon abu da aka gano by Becquerel. Babban irin radiation - ne alpha lalace. Lokacin da akwai wani watsi da alpha barbashi. Akwai kuma beta lalata, a cikin abin da zuciyar da aka fita daga cikin zarra, bi da bi, beta barbashi.

Halitta da kuma wucin gadi isotopes

A halin yanzu mun san na game da 40 na halitta isotopes. Mafi yawansu ba su located in uku Categories: uranium-radium, thorium da actinium. Dukan waɗannan isotopes za a iya samu a cikin yanayi - a cikin duwatsu, gona, iska. Amma baya daga gare su, da shi ne kuma aka sani game da dubu shata isotopes ake samar a nukiliya nukiliya. . Mutane da yawa na wadannan isotopes amfani da magani, musamman a cikin ganewar asali.

Rabbai a cikin zarra

Idan muka kwatanta zarra, girman wanda zai zama daidai da size na kasa da kasa wasanni filin wasa, sa'an nan za ka iya gani samun wadannan rabbai. A electrons zarra a kan irin wannan "filin wasan" za a located a saman tsaye. Kowane daga cikinsu, sunã da wata girman karami fiye da wani pinhead. Sa'an nan da kwaya za a located in tsakiyar filin, da kuma ta size ba zai zama ya fi girma fiye da girman da wani fis.

Wani lokaci mutane tambayar, a gaskiya ya dubi zarra. A gaskiya ma, ya zahiri ba ya duba a kowace hanya - ba domin dalilai da cewa kimiyya underutilized kyau microscopes. The girma na zarra ne a cikin wadanda wuraren da manufar "ganuwa" kawai ba ya wanzu.

Kwayoyin zarra da sosai kananan girma. Amma yadda kananan a gaskiya wadannan girma? Gaskiyar ita ce, mafi kananan, kawai bayyane ga mutum ido hatsi na gishiri ƙunshi game da daya quintillion kwayoyin halitta.

Idan muka kwatanta zarra na wani size cewa zai shige a cikin hannun mutum, sa'an nan kusa da ita don gane da ƙwayoyin cuta 300-mita dari. A kwayoyin zai yi tsawon na 3 km, kuma da kauri da wani mutum gashi zama daidai 150 km. A supine matsayi, ya ya iya wuce cikin yanayin duniya. Kuma idan irin wannan rabo sun inganci, da mutum gashi a tsawon zai iya isa watã. Ga irin wannan shi wuya da kuma ban sha'awa zarra, wadda ke nazarin da masana kimiyya ci gaba da yin wannan rana.