Nau'o'i sentimentalism. Features na sentimentalism a wallafe-wallafen

Nau'o'i sentimentalism, da bambanci ga gargajiya-style, da ake kira mai karatu zuwa ga ilimi da talakawa mutum ji, to halitta da kuma irin ciki jiha, to ci da yanayi. Kuma idan classicism sujada kawai dalilin, kasa ya wanzu a dukan dabaru, da tsarin (bisa ga ka'idar shayari Boileau), an artist-sentimentalist ya free a gabar ta sharuddan, jirgin na kwatanci. Haife rashin amincewa da dalilin rashin ruwa muhimmi a cikin haske, duk nau'o'i na sentimentalism ba abin da suka samu daga al'adu, da kuma cewa zurfin rai dauki fita daga da kasa.

Fage na sentimentalism

Absolutist mulkin gargajiya gwamnatin da suka auku a cikin rikici mai zurfi. A wuri na zamantakewa zo dabi'u, a kewaye a cikin mutum mutumin, tare da vsesoslovnoy. Sentimentalism - definition a cikin adabi na jin zuciya da widest strata al'umma tare da wani iko da anti-mulkin gargajiya tsanani ga ambato.

The uku dukiya, da tattalin arziki da viability, amma harkar da kuma siyasa m, ya tsananta kan aristocracy da limaman. Yana yana can, a cikin na uku aji, kuma aka haife sanannen: "Liberty daidaito, fraternity" - wanda ya zama taken dukkan juyin. Social al'adun al'ummar da nema tsarin dimokuradiyya.

Rationalist ganewarsu fallasa hakan da primacy na ideas, Saboda haka da akida rikicin. Cikakkar daular mulkinsu a matsayin wani nau'i na jihar tsarin fadi a cikin lalata. A ra'ayin na daular mulkinsu ragu da ra'ayin haskaka monarch - kuma saboda kusan babu daya kuma bã da sauran bai hadu da real bukatun al'umma.

ci al'ada

The yiwuwar bourgeoisie ta biyu da rabi na 18th karni ya karu sosai cewa ta fara shibta sharuddan to duk sauran azuzuwan, musamman ta hanyar al'adu. Da yake mai taimako ga ideas na ci gaba, ta rarraba su zuwa adabi da wasannin fasaha.

Haka kuma, shi ne shagaltar da su wakilan su yanayi: Rousseau - iyali watchmaker, Voltaire - notary Diderot - artisan ... About da artists da kuma tuna babu hankali, saboda su ne gaba daya da na uku Estate, kawai kuma na musamman.

Duk da yake duk bangarorin al'uma na 18th karni mulkin demokra sentiments girma da leaps da haddi, ba kawai a cikin Uku Estate. Wadannan sentiments da nema da cewa marigayi haske sauran heroes, yanayi na musamman da kuma sabon majiyai. Duk da haka nau'o'i na sentimentalism a adabi musamman sababbin ba. Elegiac shayari, epistolary Genre, memoirs - duk sun dade da aka sani da siffofin cika da sabon abun ciki.

Babban fasali na sentimentalism a wallafe-wallafen

A matsayin madadin su da manufa na haske rationalist falsafa kuranye wani wajen ji na duniya: damu ba, da kuma zuciya, cewa shi ne, Magana game da category da majiyai da kuma juyayinsu. Wallafe-wallafe - ne filin da cewa ta wadãta duk nau'o'i na sentimentalism.

Sentimentalists yi imani da cewa mutumin da yanayi ne ya zama hanya zuwa Prudence da rationality, shi ne kusa da yanayi, wanda shi ne ta hanyar ilmantar da hankula ba ciki jituwa. Nagarta dole ne na halitta, sai suka rubuta, da kuma kawai a wani babban mataki na ji na ƙwarai daga mutãne iya samun farin ciki na gaske. Babban nau'o'i na sentimentalism a adabi da haka aka zaba a kan tushen da kawance: pastoral, idyllic, tafiya, na sirri tsarin sautinsu ko haruffa.

Reliance kan yanayin farkon (An Education) da kuma zauna a irin wannan yanayi - a yanayi - Waɗannan su ne ginshiƙai biyu a kan wadda ake bisa dukkan nau'o'i na sentimentalism.

Fasaha da kuma zamantakewa na ci gaba, a jihar, jama'a, tarihi, da ilimi - wadannan kalmomi ne a cikin layi tare da sentimentalism kagaggun m. Ci gaba a matsayin tushe wanda 'haske aka gina da masana kimiyya da kuma lexicographer, ya sochton ba dole ba kuma sosai cutarwa, da kuma duk manifestations da wayewa - m ga bil'adama. A daba miƙa wani m na masu zaman kansu a yankunan karkara rai, kazalika da a kalla - mai rai daga m da daji kamar yadda zai yiwu.

Jaruntakar labarai na karshe nau'o'i na sentimentalism, ba tare. Daily, sauki kwaikwayo cika su. Maimakon haske motsin zuciyarmu, yaki mũnãnan ayyuka, kuma falalan sentimentalism a wallafe-wallafen na 18th karni nuna tsarki na motsin zuciyarmu da kuma richness na ciki duniya da talakawan mutum. Mafi sau da yawa, a 'yan qasar na uku dukiya, asalin da sau cewa ba shi ne low. Sentimentalism, da definition a cikin adabi na demokra] iyya pathos, gaba daya ya ƙaryata aji distinctions hõre ta wayewa.

A ciki duniya da mutumin: wani view

A kammala da Age mai haske, wani sabon Trend ne shakka ba nisa daga ilimi ka'idojin. Duk da haka, sentimentalism da Classicism a adabi saukin gane: daga classicists marubuta shubuha hali, a cikin halin - da predominance na kowane daya siffofi da wajibi halin kirki kimantawa.

Sentimentalists kuma nuna da gwarzo a matsayin mutum da inexhaustible shawara. Ya iya hada da baiwa da villainy, saboda daga haihuwarsa har zuwa muhimmi nagarta da mugunta. Kuma yanayi - mai kyau farko, wayewa - mugunta. Monosyllabic kima sau da yawa ba ya shige cikin mataki gwarzo m ayyukansu. Yana yiwuwa kuma villain, amma nikogoda cikakkar, saboda ya ko da yaushe na da damar da kulawa da yanayi da kuma komawa zuwa ga tafarkin alheri.

Ga wannan didacticism, da kuma wani lokacin son zuciya, da kuma sentimentalism alaka tam wannan zamanin na da irin.

A daba na ji da kuma gabar

Babban nau'o'i na sentimentalism ne sosai alaka da batun, a cikin wannan hanya suna iya more cikakken nuna motsi na mutum zuciya. Wannan shi ne wani labari a cikin haruffa, shi ne wani elegy, tsarin sautinsu, memoirs kuma duk da cewa ba ka yi magana a farkon mutum.

Marubucin ba dakatar daga abu cewa shi wakiltar, kuma ta gani - mafi muhimmanci kashi na labarin. A tsarin ne kuma mafi free wallafe-wallafen canons ba stifle tunanin, da abun da ke ciki shi ne sabani, kuma wani adadin lyrical digressions.

An haife shi a karo na biyu shekaru goma a kan gaba na Ingila, babban nau'o'i na sentimentalism a rabi na biyu na karni sun shahara, fadin Turai. Mai fili - a Ingila, Faransa, Jamus da kuma Rasha.

Ingila

A lyrics na farko shigar da su line siffofi sentimentalism a wallafe-wallafe. The haske wakilan: mai bin gargajiya sharhi Nikola Bualo - Dzheyms Tomson, wanda ya ciyar da Turanci yanayi elegy, cike da mummunan zato; kafa "makabarta" na poetics Edward Jung. goyi bayan theme Scot Robert Blair ta waka "kabari" da Thomas Gray da elegy hada da kauyen hurumi. Dukkan wadannan marubuta ne babban ra'ayin na daidaici da mutane kafin ya mutu.

Sa'an nan - da kuma mafi kyau - siffofi sentimentalism bayyana a cikin adabi Genre labari. Sama'ila Richardson decisively m da hadisin na kasada, kasada da kuma picaresque labari, rubuta wani labari a cikin haruffa. "Ya Uba," shugabanci na Lourens tsananin ya fara bayan composing labari "A m Journey Ta hanyar Faransa da Italiya, Mr. Yorick", wanda ya ba da sunan ga shugabanci. A ganiya na m English sentimentalism aka dauke su aiki na Oliver maƙeran zinariya.

Faransa

A mafi classic nau'i na sentimentalism aka lura a farko uku na karni na sha takwas a Faransa. De Marivaux ya a farkon sosai da wannan litattafan, ta kwatanta rai na Marianne da baƙauye, wadda aka saki a cikin mutane. A Abbe Prevost wadãtar da palette na ji aka bayyana a cikin adabi - a so da ya kai ga bala'i.

A culmination na sentimentalism a Faransa - Jean-Zhak Russo tare da epistolary litattafan. Nature a cikin ayyukansu ne m, a kansa, halitta mutum. The labari "Confessions" - Ru'ya ta Yohanna tarihin rayuwar a duniya wallafe-wallafe.

De Saint-Pierre, dalibi na Rousseau, ci gaba da goyon bayan, na gaskiya, wanda wa'azi da manyan nau'o'i na sentimentalism: farin ciki na mutumin a cikin jituwa da yanayi da kuma nagarta. Ya tsammani da flowering na "m" a romanticism, depicting a wurare masu zafi ƙasar m tekuna.

Har ila yau, ba dauki matsayi mabiya Rousseau da ZH.-S. Mercier, turawa labari "The Savage" m (manufa) da kuma wayewa siffofin zama. A 'ya'yan itatuwa na wayewa Mercier bayyana a matsayin publicist a "hotuna na Paris."

Marubuci-sanar de la Breton (ɗari biyu na aiki da kundin!) Daya daga cikin mafi m mabiya Rousseau. Ya rubuta game da yadda hallakaswa birane yanayi da cewa jũya a cikin wani laifi, da halin kirki da kuma m saurayi, da kuma tattauna da ra'ayin pedagogy cikin sharuddan mata ilimi da kuma tarbiyyar.

Tun farkon juyin siffofi sentimentalism a adabi ta halitta bace. Nau'o'i sentimentalism a adabi wadãtar da sabon hakikar.

Jamus

Wani sabon look at adabi a kasar Jamus da aka rinjayi G.-E. Lessing. Yana duk fara da shawara Zurich University furofesoshi Bodmer da Johann Jakob Breitinger da wani mabiyin goyon bayan classicism - Jamus Gottsched. A Swiss ya yi yaƙi domin da poetic tunanin, amma Jamus ba yarda.

F.-G. Klopstock ya ƙarfafa matsayin sentimentalism yin amfani da almara na da Jamus hadisin sauƙi lauye da ji na Jamus zuciya. Amma heyday na Jamus sentimentalism zo ne kawai a cikin seventies na 18th karni a dangane da aikin a kan halittar shaidar dan kasa Wallafe-wallafe mahalarta a cikin motsi "Sturm und Drang".

A wannan Trend da JW a cikin matasa Goethe. "Baƙin na Sun Werther," Goethe zuba lardin Jamus adabi a kwanon rufi-Turai. Bayyane rinjayar "Sturm und Drang" da kuma wasan kwaikwayo ne I.-F. Schiller.

Rasha

Rasha sentimentalism bude Nikolaem Mihaylovichem Karamzinym - "wasikun a Rasha matafiyi", "Poor Liza" - da Masterpieces na m litattafan. Ƙima, melancholy, so don kashe kansa - da babban fasali na sentimentalism a adabi - a Karamzin a hade tare da wasu sababbin abubuwa. Ya zama wanda ya kafa wani rukuni na Rasha marubuta, wanda ya yi yaƙi da tsaoho grandiloquent syllable da wani sabon poetic harshe. Don wannan kungiya cikin II Dmitriev, VA Zhukovsky da sauransu.