Novgorod Kremlin (Veliky Novgorod): tarihi, description, adireshin, bude sa'o'i

Daya daga cikin tsofaffin Monuments na tsaro na Rasha gine - wannan Novgorod Kremlin, ko kamar yadda shi ne ake kira, Detinets. Da makaman ya hada da gine-gine na daban lokaci lokaci, kuma dazamani, amma da suka kullum sa har na musamman da kuma Sankiran hadaddun, halin da mafi digiri na Novgorod jamhuriyar ko da a gaban karkashin shugabancin tsakiya ikon a Moscow.

Novgorod Kremlin

An tsoho hadaddun na gine-gine ne da wani sansanin soja na Great Novgorod. A grand gininsa a kan hagu kogin Volkhov. Duk da haka, idan ka shawarta zaka ziyarci Novgorod Kremlin, shi ne mafi sani da adireshin da hukuma: Velikiy Novgorod, Ter. A Kremlin, 11. A tsari ne mai muhimmanci gine-gine abin tunawa, kuma a matakin tarayya, kare da ke jihar, a Bugu da kari, cikin gidan kayan gargajiya-ajiye kunshe a cikin UNESCO Duniya Heritage List matsayin wani ɓangare na tarihi birni. A farko da aka rubuta ambaci Kremlin ake kwanan rana 1044 shekara. Hakika, ya, kamar duk sauran, batun tsufa, lokaci ba ya wuce a banza don shi, da kuma wasu daga cikin irretrievably rasa.

Detinets, Veliky Novgorod: me ya sa haka ya kira?

Lalle ne, duk wanda ya taba ji irin wannan sunan, suna a cikin wasu rikice, saboda kalmar "Kremlin" ne fiye da na kowa, prevalent a tsakanin mutane. A halin yanzu detintsem a Rasha kira babu wanin ciki daga sansanin soja da biranen da suke a cikin zamanin fragmentation sabon abu na kowa. A zamanin d tarihin farko kalma fara faruwa ne a 1097, da kuma kawai a cikin karni na 14th shi maye gurbin da Kalmar "Kremlin". Daga bisani, shi ya ci gaba da zama kawai a rubuta kafofin tare da Novgorod-Pskov asali, don haka shi za a iya jera a fassara a matsayin dialecticism.

Iri na asali na jawabi

Mafi yawa daga cikin masana kimiyya, masana ilimin harsuna asalin kalmar "Detinets" (Velikiy Novgorod, Kiev da kuma sauran manyan birane da irin wannan Tsarin) dangantaka da wannan tushen matsayin "yara". Saboda haka, da bishop na Rasha Orthodox Church, Metropolitan Eugene a 1808 da shawarar cewa duk yara a lokacin maƙiyi harin tattarã a kagara, don me sa'an nan ya zo da sunan. Soviet tarihi da kayan tarihi wanda za'ayi a tono a cikin Novgorod Kremlin, imani da cewa sunan ya samu saboda sarkin ta warriors, wanda ya rayu a can. Suna da ake kira da 'ya'ya ko yaro. Duk da haka, a gaskiya sarakuna a Detinets ya ba - sai suka zauna a wani nan kusa mazauna.

A cewar Academician Yanin VL Novgorod Kremlin, kamar kowa, samu da sunan saboda gaskiyar cewa, watakila, akwai majalisarku da na dattawa.

Wani kowa version bayyana Rasha soja m. Yana da quite sauki da kuma ma'ana. The kalmar "Detinets" ya zo daga "yi" fi'ili. Wannan bayani da cewa a cikin sau hadari a kagara tattarã mata da yara, addini wuraren bauta da kuma dukiya. Wannan version ne wasu har overlaps tare da na farko.

Novgorod Kremlin: A Brief History

An sani cewa arewacin ƙasa a cikin abin da Kremlin ne a yanzu, da yake a baya da Delta na kogin Volkhov kuma ya kasu kashi biyu yankunan. Mai yiwuwa, a sosai farko Detinets bautar wani tsakiyar matsayi da aka located a arewacin tsibirin. Yana da aka gina na itace, ta kuma kwantar da dansa Yaroslava Mudrogo - Prince Vladimir Yaroslavovich. Ya kuma qaddamar da gina babban Haikali a cikin birnin 1045 - Sophia Cathedral, wanda dade shekara bakwai. Keɓewarsa ta dauki wuri a cikin 1052, da kuma wata daya daga bisani, Vladimir ya mutu, aka binne shi a cikin sabon coci.

Novgorod Kremlin-Detinets (Veliky Novgorod, Novgorod Oblast) ƙone akai-akai. Saboda haka, a 1097, shi ne na kadan da ya saura, da kuma wani sabon gina kawai a 1116, da kuma lokacin da ya isa ga m size. A wannan lokacin, wani m ɓangare na ƙasa fadi zuwa Vladycha yadi - mazaunin bishop. Shi ne ya yi a 1333 ya fara gina wani dutse sansanin soja, da tsoron wani hari ba kawai Swedes da taro, amma Prince Ivan Kalita. Complete sauyawa daga cikin itace a kan dutse ya faru ne kawai a cikin 30s na 15th karni. More robust yi, amma kuma a kan lokaci hankali halakar da kuma mayar. A lokacin yakin duniya na II, a lokacin da Jamus sun shagaltar Novgorod, Detinets (Kremlin) da aka yi amfani da matsayin barikin ga sojoji.

Wadannan m halakar da ya faru a cikin 90-ies karni na karshe, a lokacin da partially rushe garun kusa da Spassky hasumiyar (20 mita tazara). Shekaru da dama daga baya, da shinge da aka mayar. Yanzu da Kremlin yana da matsayi na Novgorod Jihar United Museum-Reserve.

Babban gine-gine da halaye

Don ƙarni, da sansanin soja da kuma kufaifan gina a kan wani tsauni, yafi ga mafi view da wuya ga makiya, kazalika kusa koguna. Detinets (Veliky Novgorod) ya cika dukan waɗannan dokoki. Yana tsaye a kan wani karamin tudu - 10 mita sama da matakin na Volkhov. Tare da kewaye na waje ganuwar da tsawon 1487 m kuma na ciki yankin na ƙasa - 12,1 kadada.

M bango sanya bulo sanya tare da lemun tsami turmi, da na dutse (Cobblestone da farar ƙasa). A kauri da tsawo daga cikin sansanin soja dabam 3,6-6,5 m da kuma 8-15 m, bi da bi. A rarrabe ne da gina sansanin soja ƙofar Haikali, wato, majami'u, located sama da ƙofofi. Yana da wani halayyar siffa daga cikin coci, da kuma musamman da zuhudu gine a Rasha. A akida muhimmanci sa a gaskiyar cewa da irin wannan shiri za'ayi samaniya kariya daga birnin. Gaskiyar cewa Novgorod Kremlin yana da dama daga gare su, ya bayyana rawar da haddasa a yi na bishops. Kusan duk da ganuwar da aka mayar a cikin 50-60-ies karni na karshe da kuma saduwa da waje bayyanar sansanin soja na 15th karni.

Towers Novgorod Kremlin

Sane da zama na goma sha biyu hasumiyai a cikin ƙasa na kagara. Ya zuwa yanzu, kawai tara sun tsira:

• Spassky (hoton sama) - yana da nau'i na wani elongated murabba'i mai dari cewa ne zuwa kashi shida tiers, tsawo da kuma bango kauri - 19 m da kuma 2 bi da bi. Yana gina a saman wani 15-mita tanti da lookout hasumiya, wadda an rage bisa ga kwatancin na 17th karni. Arched nassi katange da sanduna, daga arewa zuwa gaban hasumiyar ne m hasãra coci na Transfiguration. Shi ne ta ke yi mata sunan. Novgorod Kremlin (Veliky Novgorod) zai san daidai da Spassky Tower, wanda kuma aka sau daya aka nuna a banknote 5 rubles.
• Palace - blank hasumiya ba tare da kwatance, quadrangular, wakiltar gaske square 11,2h10,2 m, bango tsawo - 20 m, da kuma kauri daga cikin biyu Layer zuwa matakin - 2 m sama - alfarwa. Daga cikin wasu hasumiyoyin shi siffofi da wani siriri silhouette.
• Knjazhaja - kama da baya daya, kuma kurma hasumiya 18,5 m high.
• Kokui (Kalancha) - blank square hasumiya ba tare da nassi, wanda tare da al'arshin tsawo ne 38.5 m, da kauri daga cikin ganuwar ne kama da baya daya. Yanzu akwai wani kallo bene tare da panoramic views daga cikin Kremlin.
• Pokrovskaya - m tsarin mai tsawo na 18 m da wani bango kauri daga 3 m, a kudu maso yammacin ɓangare na sansanin soja. Yana tsaye bayan 9 m, da ganuwar suna tsinkãyi 55 loopholes.
• Zlatoust - blank square hasumiya hudu tiers, sunansa kyauta tsaye a kusa da haikali na 14th karni.
• Vladimir - ta hanyar shi ya fadi a cikin Novgorod Kremlin (Veliky Novgorod) ne tafiya, rectangular, tsawo -. 17.8 m Akwai goma-mita tanti a saman. A rarrabe - da loopholes da wani arched saman, reminiscent na windows.
• Fedorov - hasumiya da cylindrical siffar arched loopholes
• The Metropolitan - shi ne wani gini na soja tsaron gida gine-gine, kazalika da baya biyu hasumiyarki. A yi na cylindrical siffar, da makafi, da kauri daga cikin bango - kadan a kan 3 m, tsawo - 16,3 m.

Sane da halaka da kuma sake gina na uku hasumiyai: Boris da Gleb, da ¡iyãma, Prechistenskaya.

Sophia Cathedral

White dutse coci ne mafi tsufa a cikin ƙasa na zamani Rasha daga waɗanda cewa gina da Slavic mutane. Gina a cikin 1045-1050 shekaru, ya ga dama ƙarni wakilci ruhaniya cibiyar na dukan na Novgorod Jamhuriyar.

Wannan giciye-domed biyar-sojan ruwa babban coci. Irin Tsarin ne halayyar gine na 11th karni. Duk da haka, shi ne sanannen domin ba kawai Novgorod Kremlin (Veliky Novgorod) - babban coci da wannan sunan wanzu a cikin Polotsk da Kiev. A gini yana da uku apse (taso keya a kaikaice da kuma tsakiyar pentagonal) a kan dukkan bangarorin da aka kewaye da wani uku-storey galleries. A babban coci biyar surori, da kuma shida da aka lashe a yammacin ɓangare na da matãkalai hasumiya. Suna halin da wani nau'i Makovytsya - a cikin nau'i na kwalkwali na zamanin d warriors. Matsakaicin tsawo Sophia Cathedral - 38 m, bango kauri - 1.2 m, aka yi amfani da su yi farar ƙasa. Haikali sanya a cikin gargajiya Byzantine style.

Tsarki wuraren an ko da yaushe rufe Legends. Saboda haka, tsakiyar Dome, a kan giciye, shi ne adadi na kurciya, NUNA da Ruhu Mai Tsarki. Ivan Grozny a 1570 mai tsanani aikatã game da Novgorod. A cewar labari, kurciya, squatting a kan Cross sauran, ga jini sarayya kuma fuskanci ji na tsoro froze. Daga bisani, daya daga cikin sufaye na Our Lady saukar da cewa tsuntsu da aka aiko zuwa ga birnin a matsayin consolation da mascot. Novgorod za a kiyaye har da tattabara ba zai tashi sauko daga kan gicciye.

A belfry na St. Sophia Cathedral

Ya kamata a yi la'akari dabam daga babban ginin. Zvonnitsa ne a jera gini zamanai 15-18, wanda aka kafa Novgorod Kremlin. Veliky Novgorod (photo panoramic view, gani a sama.) - mai kyau tsohon garin da yawa al'adu da tarihi da jan hankali. Quite kaɗan daga gare su da kuma wuraren bauta. Wadannan wurare sun hada da, kamar yadda riga gane, kuma Saint Sophia Cathedral, kuma tare da shi da kuma belfry. Rubuta kafofin farko ambaci shi a 1437, a lokacin da ya gaya game da ambaliya. A musamman, shi ya furta cewa shi ya kawo saukar da makwabtaka ramparts. A halin yanzu bellfry located tare da ciki bango na Kremlin gabas, tsawonsa ne 22.5 m, da kuma fadin - 3.4 mita.

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu an mai tsanani lalace. A kan samu bayanai da cewa Jamus sojojin suna kan hanyarsu zuwa birnin, an yanke shawarar fitad da kararrawa. Duk da haka, a lokacin da bam din ya faru kai tsaye hit dama a cikin baji tare da uku mafi girma a samfurori, kuma suka nutsar da su cikin kogi Volkhov. Yana da aka partially halaka su da manyan bindigogi da kuma ginin kanta.

A mayar da kararrawa hasumiyar St. Sophia Cathedral Novgorod Kremlin (Veliky Novgorod) ya samu a 1948. Yanzu shi da ake amfani da nufin manufa, a cikin sama ɓangare yana da wani kallo bene, kuma m nuni sadaukar da tsohon birnin na karrarawa.

The Church of Sergiya Radonezhskogo

Ƙofar tsarin ne watakila daya kawai na irin abin da aka taskace a arewa maso yammacin kasar zuwa yau. Yana da aka gina a karkashin taimaka na Archbishop Jonah ƙasa Vladychny tsakar gida a cikin Kremlin a 1463. Wannan lokaci ne halin da mai hango fall na Novgorod Jamhuriyar karkashin matsin da Moscow da kuma ta Accession. Duk da haka, da so hankali ya kwanta daga barin, da kuma mutanen da sa up tare da ra'ayin na karkashin shugabancin tsakiya jihar. Church - akwai ãyã zaman lafiya, na ruhaniya haduwa da daidaituwa da Moscow, tun lokacin da aka gina a cikin girmamawa ga sa'an nan kusan unknown a Rasha da kuma bauta wa yafi a cikin Moscow - Sergiya Radonezhskogo.

Church of St. Stratelates

Novgorod Kremlin (zane hoton), a kudu-maso-gabashin ɓangare na ƙasa yana da kananan amma abun lura coci. Yana da aka gina a 15-17 ƙarni. Yana yana da wani rectangular lebur siffar a cikin shirin, guda-span belfry da kuma kananan cupola cewa rawanin Haikali. Asalinsu wannan wuri da aka located Boris da Gleb Cathedral, wanda a 1682 rushe kuma aka baya rushe su da tushe. Untouched zauna kawai ɗakin sujada na Saint Rasha warrior-shahidi Andreya Stratilata. Yana da aka kara girman da kuma canza kama zuwa wani karamin m coci.

episcopal tsakar gida

A nan ne ya zama wajibi a fara wani labarin game da Novgorod Kremlin, tun da shi ne mafi tsufa ɓangare na Kremlin, wadda bisa ga Gordienko EA kuma yanina V. L., ya fãra. Episcopal tsakar gida dake a cikin arewa maso yammacin ɓangare na sansanin soja. Idan ka yi imani da labaru, da Bishop J. Korsunianin, wanda sunansa ne aka fi mayar da dangana da kafa Kiristanci a Novgorod, a kotu shagaltar da wani karamin tsibirin. Iyakokinta an tsare ta biyu makamai na Volkhov. Wannan halitta kariya complied tare da dukan bukatun, a Bugu da kari, na yawan (ba ko da yaushe m yanayi) na iyaka katangu. Bayan mutuwar bishop na haihuwa coci na Joachim da kuma Anna aka dismantled da kuma a nan da nan kusanci na St. Sophia Cathedral fara gina.

Don ƙarni Episcopal tsakar gida na wani sansanin soja a kagara, da kuma dukan sojojin sãɓa wa kansu ya'yan sarakuna ikon - asirce ko kai tsaye. Haka kuma, kowane sabon Bishop ji zamar masa dole ya gina wani abu na kansu. Saboda haka, domin da yawa shekaru daya yi rushe da kuma wasu da aka gina, an gina, mayar, kewaye da ƙarin Tsarin.

Mafi ban mamaki canje-canje sun kasance a cikin m Euphimia II (1429-1458). An outspoken abokin gaba na annexation na Novgorod zuwa Moscow Ya halitta na musamman da tsarin a Rasha da kuma a yanzu da wani abin tunawa daga gine-gine, da kawai gini a Gothic style - da faceted majalisar. Kuma idan ka dubi shi fairly suna fadin (hoton sama), da ciki gine ne kawai kwazazzabo da cikakken musamman.

Bayani ga baƙi

Zai zama da amfani don gano duk waɗanda ake shirin tafiya zuwa daya daga cikin mafi kyau da kuma zamanin da biranen Rasha da nufin su ziyarci Novgorod Kremlin (Veliky Novgorod), bude sa'o'i na al'adu abu da kuma kudin tikiti. Da fari dai, shi ya kamata a tuna da cewa ajiye gwamnatinsa ta bayar da kwanaki a lokacin wata ziyara iya zama cikakken free:

• Duk wanda ya ba tukuna kai da shekaru 18 - a kowace farko Laraba ga watan, Satumba 1st, Yuni 1st,
• Manyan iyalan - na farko Laraba watan.
• Dalibai Nakhimov da Suvorov Soja School - mako-mako a Monday.
• Fansho - 1 Oktoba.
• Babu shakka duk 'yan ƙasa - 18 May, a cikin kasa da kasa Rãnar Gidajen tarihi, kazalika a watan Yuli da Agusta a kowace Jumma'a.

Kamar yadda ga farashin tikitin, shi ne mafi kyau ga bayyana da bayanai a cikin akwatin ofishin na gidan kayan gargajiya-ajiye. A da karkararta rabuwar abubuwa. Za ka iya zaɓi abin da ka yi sha'awar a, kuma ba su biya sauran. Alal misali, binciko Sofia belfry, fuskoki dabam-dabam (Vladychnaya) jam'iyya za 150 rubles. Dalibai, tsofaffi da rangwamen, yara har zuwa shekaru 16, a wasu daga cikin abubuwa na iya wuce kyauta.

Shirin ziyarci Detinets (Veliky Novgorod)? Bude sa'o'i na hadaddun kamata a bayyana a gaba. Mutane da yawa sun yanayi daukan hotuna ko da wani rabo a cikin adana lokacin rana, wani wuri iya za'ayi da sabuntawa aiki, da kuma shigar da a cikin wannan dangane za a rufe. Alal misali, Sofia belfry don ziyara a weekdays daga ƙarfe goma da safe har shida da yamma, kuma a ranar Jumma'a da kuma karshen mako zaman aka mika har 20:00. Zai yiwu booking tikitoci a gaba online. Duk wadannan tambayoyi zai amsa ƙungiya info Museum-Reserve Service.