Ontogenesis - wani tunani cewa shi ne

A tsari ayyana yanayin halitta na juya m canje-canje a cikin kwayoyin daga ƙananan zuwa matakai na sama na da harshen damo. Akwai tsarin da kuma aikin kamalar mutum.

yanayin halitta na juya nazarin da dama kimiyya tarbiyya. Alal misali, morphophysiological yanayin halitta na juya (samuwar jiki) ne abu na nazarin ilmin halitta. Bi da bi, shafi tunanin mutum da kuma zamantakewa yanayin halitta na juya an yi karatu a bangarori daban-daban na tunani (psychogenetics, shekaru da kuma yaro tunani, zamantakewa da kuma ilimi da tunani).

Concepts na phylogeny da kuma yanayin halitta na juya

Kalmar "phylogeny" (Greek: "phyle" -. "Species, HALITTAR, kabilar" da "genos" - "asalin") da ake amfani da su nuna a fakaice aiwatar da bayyanar da tarihi ci gaba da jinsunan. A m kimiyya ne da ci gaban da psyche dabbobi a cikin shakka daga juyin halitta, da kuma ci gaba da siffofin dan Adam sani.

More musamman muhimmancin ne manufar "yanayin halitta na juya". Wannan (a Psychology) da ci gaban da mutum psyche. A wannan yanayin da muke magana ne game da m yanayin da ci gaban - daga haihuwa zuwa lokacin da ya mutu. Concepts na phylogeny da kuma yanayin halitta na juya na m kimiyya aro daga ilmin halitta, da marubucin ne a Jamus halitta Ernest Haeckal.

biogenetic dokar

Bisa ga wadannan Concepts, tare da F. Müller, Haeckal tsara da biogenetic dokar (1866). A cewar shi, kowane mutum a cikin mutum bunƙasa (yanayin halitta na juya) a takaice ya wuce duk matakai na irinsa (phylogeny).

Daga bisani, biogenetic dokar da aka tsanani soki da kimiyya al'umma. Alal misali, kamar yadda wani counter-Scientific Council of Jami'ar Jena na nuna gaskiyar cewa babu mutum da amfrayo wutsiya da gill slits. Duk da goyon bayan da biogenetic dokar ta Charles Darwin (ya sanar da babban hujja da ya ka'idar juyin halitta), da ra'ayin da aka dauke ta Scientific Majalisar matsayin ƙarancin cancantar, kuma marubucin - zargi da kimiyya zamba.

Duk da haka, biogenetic dokar, kuma a gaskiya da ra'ayin recapitulation (Latin: "recapitalatio" -. "Succinct, gajere maimaitawa na tsohon farko") da wani gagarumin tasiri a kan ci gaban kimiyyar halitta, ciki har da - domin ci gaba da juyin ideas. Its tasiri biogenetic dokar ya yi a kan ci gaban tunani. A yanayin halitta na juya na mutum psyche ba zai iya taka rawar da kwarewa na zamanin da.

Matsalar da tuki sojojin na shafi tunanin mutum da ci gaban

Raba da muhimman hakkokin m matsala ne tambaya na abin da dalilai suna kai ga ci gaban da hankali, da kayyade ta yanayin halitta na juya. Wannan tunani ne m da ra'ayi na tuki sojojin da shafi tunanin mutum ci gaba. Akwai biyu main hanyoyin warware wannan matsala - biogenetic (na halitta), kuma sotsiogenetichesky (jama'a).

Magoya bayan na farko yankunan sun mayar da hankali a kan kayyade dalilai (gadar hali), la'akari da shi a manyan kamfanin a aiwatar da mutum ci gaban da hankali. Haka kuma, da muhimmancin zamantakewa abubuwan da aka rage girmanta. Daga cikin mashahuran wakilan da biogenetic m - Descartes, F-F. Rousseau, Spencer, S. Hall, D. Baldwin.

A akasin, sotsiogenetichesky m matsayin tuki sojojin na shafi tunanin mutum da ci gaban ware fitar da zamantakewa factor - rawar da zamantakewa yanayi. Man shi ne kamar haka, abubuwa a matsayin wani matsanancin samfurin (kai tsaye ba) tasiri. The darajar da mutum ta gadar hali proponents na wannan dabarar aka yi watsi. Wakilai -. J. Locke, E. Durkheim, P. Janet.

Biyu-factor ka'idar ontogenesis na psyche

Har ila yau,} o} arin mu hada duka biyu dalilai da aka dauka - wani hereditary da kuma zamantakewa - don bayyana bayani dalla-dalla da shafi tunanin mutum Concepts "yanayin halitta na juya". Wannan sa a wata na uku shugabanci a Psychology - ka'idar dalilai biyu. Da shi shi ne na farko bincike don tsananin, wanda tsara da manufa na haduwa da abubuwa guda biyu. Bisa wannan ka'ida, da hereditary line intersects tare da line, saboda da zamantakewa yanayi a cikin ci gaban da mutum (akwai wani haduwa).

Haka kuma, da yanayin halitta na juya na mutum Psychology da za'ayi a kan aiwatar da tattara abubuwa masu kyau da na ciki da kuma na waje yanayin shafi tunanin mutum aiki. Alal misali, m ilhami na wasan zai ƙayyade yadda da kuma lokacin da yaro zai taka. Bi da bi, da abu da kuma aiwatar da yanayi za a ƙaddara da ainihin yanayi.

Sun zama dole dabaru na musamman don gane da ƙayyadaddu na da dangantakar waje da ciki abubuwan da sanin yanayin halitta na juya. A tsarin tunani ne twin Hanyar.

muhimmanci bayani

Twin Hanyar aka dogara ne a kan wani kamanta bincike na shafi tunanin mutum da ci gaban mono- da dizygotic tagwaye. Manufarta ita ce idan tagwaye ne dizygotic (DZ - daban-daban gadar hali) ci gaba a hanyoyi daban-daban, saboda haka, kwayoyin factor a daidai zamantakewa yanayi ne da muhimmanci. Idan ci gaba ne kamar a wannan matakin na quality, yafi hidima da zamantakewa factor. Tare da monozygotic tagwaye (MH - m gadar hali) da halin da ake ciki shi ne irin wannan. Daga bisani da coefficients da kuma bambance-bambance DZ- MZ tagwaye da suke zaune a daban-daban / kama da yanayi da ake kwatanta. Twin Hanyar da aka yi amfani da ko'ina a psychogenetics.

Saboda haka, tunani na hali ci gaba a ontogenesis, bisa ga ka'idar haduwa, kore ta gaturra biyu:

• X abubuwa gadar hali.
• A abubuwa da muhalli.

Alal misali, sanannun Birtaniya psychologist Eysenck m dauke a matsayin wanda aka samu da muhalli ta hanyar 80% kuma na ciki (hereditary) - kawai 20%.

A hasara na biyu-factor ka'idar hali ci gaba da aka dauke su ta gazawa sakamakon Bugu da kari na inji hereditary da kuma zamantakewa Manuniya. Bi da bi, ontogenesis - ne (a Psychology) a mafi rikitarwa tsari, ba za a iya rage kawai ga ilmin lissafi lissafin. Yana da muhimmanci a yi la'akari da ba kawai su gwada yawa rabo, amma kuma da ingantaccen fasali. Bugu da kari, irin wannan abin kwaikwaya ne ko da yaushe dakin ga mutum bambance-bambance.

Psychoanalytic tsarin kula da manufar "yanayin halitta na juya" a Psychology

Mẽne ne - yanayin halitta na juya - daga mahangar psychoanalysis? Idan a baya ka'idar mun ga haduwa (haduwa) na gatura na hereditary da kuma zamantakewa abubuwa, ka'idar Sigmund Freud, da kuma baya da tsari. Wadannan dalilai suna dauke daga batu na adawa, tushen abin shi ne da halitta mismatch na burinsu, na ilhami na hali ( "id", "Yana" - da sume) da kuma zamantakewa ( "superego", "superego" - lamiri, halin kirki norms).

Idan mutum yayi aka kore ta boye hasken dake fitowa ta da sha'awa, shi ne wata alama ce ta halitta, a some tsarin. Kokarin sarrafa bayanai na ɗammãni, kin amincewa da su, hukunci, ƙoƙarin hambarar da su daga memory - shi ne aikin da zamantakewa bangaren na ainihi (internalized tsarin dabi'u, norms da kuma dokoki na gudanarwa, kafa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da wani mutum ta zamantakewa yanayi).

Wannan ka'idar ma an soki da kimiyya al'umma, musamman ga kaifi bambanci tsakanin nazarin halittu da kuma zamantakewa aka gyara na mutuntakar ɗan adam.

Hikimar tantance manufar KG yaro

Mayar da ra'ayin recapitulation (biogenetic dokar), mun yi nazari a sama, shi iya lura kamance a hikimar Psychology na Swiss psychologist CG Jung. Muna magana ne game da ka'idar da na gama sõmamme. Kamar yadda Ernest Haeckal gani a yanayin halitta na juya recapitulation na phylogeny, Jung ganin mutum a matsayin mai bãyar da qwaqwalwa ne qwarai kwarewa zamanin da. Wannan gwaji ne da aka nuna a cikin wani takaice form a cikin nau'i na wasu alamu na ji da kuma fassarar gaskiyar - archetypes. Tarewa baya da kuma rashin samun damar zuwa fanni na sani yana da wani mummunan tasiri a kan aiwatar da ontogenesis, sa wani take hakkin da mutum shafi tunanin mutum da sikẽli.

Ontogenesis da kuma ayyukan

A gabatarwar da category na aiki, kasa da kasa bisa Psychology, DB Elkonin damar da wasu har a warware matsalar da kasafi na da rinjaye dalilai a ontogenesis na psyche. A tsari na ci gaba - shi ne, na farko, na ayyuka na magana saboda da gudunmawata aiki. Amma ga hereditary da kuma zamantakewa abubuwan, da suka yi aiki a matsayin wani ci gaban muhalli, amma ba a matsayin ta rinjaye. Sun sa ba aiwatar da ci gaban da hankali, amma kawai ta bambancin cikin al'ada kewayo.